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      The Emerald Handbook of Evidence-Informed Practice in Education : Learning from International Contexts 

      The Engagement of Teachers and School Leaders with Data, Evidence and Research in Germany

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      Emerald Publishing Limited

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          The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine.

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            Beyond Dichotomies: Competence Viewed as a Continuum

            In this paper, the state of research on the assessment of competencies in higher education is reviewed. Fundamental conceptual and methodological issues are clarified by showing that current controversies are built on misleading dichotomies. By systematically sketching conceptual controversies, competing competence definitions are unpacked (analytic/trait vs. holistic/real-world performance) and commonplaces are identified. Disagreements are also highlighted. Similarly, competing statistical approaches to assessing competencies, namely item-response theory (latent trait) versus generalizability theory (sampling error variance), are unpacked. The resulting framework moves beyond dichotomies and shows how the different approaches complement each other. Competence is viewed along a continuum from traits that underlie perception, interpretation, and decision-making skills, which in turn give rise to observed behavior in real-world situations. Statistical approaches are also viewed along a continuum from linear to nonlinear models that serve different purposes. Item response theory (IRT) models may be used for scaling item responses and modeling structural relations, and generalizability theory (GT) models pinpoint sources of measurement error variance, thereby enabling the design of reliable measurements. The proposed framework suggests multiple new research studies and may serve as a “grand” structural model.
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              Language teacher research engagement

              Simon Borg (2010)
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                Book Chapter
                January 31 2022
                : 175-195
                10.1108/978-1-80043-141-620221026
                65f8e4e9-d840-4855-a49c-cc432bb5fa91
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