Meiji Japan

Abstract

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Japan transformed itself from an agro-based feudal society to one of the leading industrial nations of the world. This was attained by aggressive learning and local adaptations of Western technology. Meiji Japan’s learning began with simple methods such as book study and turnkey projects directed by foreign advisers, but in time progressed to the generation of a large number of proficient Japanese engineers, analysis and copy production of imported machinery, and selective acquisition of frontline technology through licensing, technical cooperation agreements, and joint ventures with foreign giants. In most cases, the Japanese side quickly mastered the technology offered and graduated from foreign help. Country ownership in technology transfer also increased over time. Private dynamism inherited from previous periods was the main driver of technology learning while policies of the Meiji government were mostly appropriate and supportive of private effort.