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      Chemical Comparison of White Ginseng before and after Extrusion by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

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          Abstract

          Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS) was used to compare the composition of ginsenosides in white ginseng (WG) and extruded white ginseng (EWG). A total of 45 saponins, including original neutral ginsenosides, malonyl-ginsenosides, and chemical transformation of ginsenosides, were successfully identified in both WG and EWG. Multivariate statistical analyses including supervised orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were used to analyze components of white ginseng before and after extrusion. As a result, three ginsenosides (malonyl (M)-Rb1, M-Rb2, and M-Rc) were found to be increased in WG, while three ginsenosides (Rb2, Rc, and Rg1) were elevated in EWG. In the OPLS-DA S-plot, the different compositions of ginsenoside that were distinguished between WG and EWG were screened out. Experimental results indicate that the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS is a useful tool to characterize variations of ginsenosides in WG and EWG.

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          Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications.

          Jian-Ming Lü, Qizhi Yao, Changyi Chen (2009)
          Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is reported to have a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological applications. Ginsenosides, the major pharmacologically active ingredients of ginseng, appear to be responsible for most of the activities of ginseng including vasorelaxation, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer. Approximately 40 ginsenoside compounds have been identified. Researchers now focus on using purified individual ginsenoside to reveal the specific mechanism of functions of ginseng instead of using whole ginseng root extracts. Individual ginsenosides may have different effects in pharmacology and mechanisms due to their different chemical structures. Among them the most commonly studied ginsenosides are Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Re, Rd and Rh1. The molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides have attracted much attention and hundreds of papers have been published in the last few years. The general purpose of this update is to provide information of recently described effects of ginsenosides on antioxidation, vascular system, signal transduction pathways and interaction with receptors. Their therapeutic applications in animal models and humans as well as the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ginsenosides are also discussed in this review. This review concludes with some thoughts for future directions in the further development of ginseng compounds as effective therapeutic agents.
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            Nutritional aspects of food extrusion: a review

            Shivendra Vikram Singh, Shirani Gamlath, Lara Wakeling (2007)
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              Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine--ginseng (I): etymology, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, market and regulations.

              Yuqing Zhao, Lee Jia (2008)
              The dawning of this millennium broke new ground in life science and technology, presented us genomic and proteomic revolution, nanotechnology innovation, and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) used for separating and identifying new chemical entities at pico-, or even femto-concentrations. Applications of these high technologies to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) opened a new chapter in the ancient medicine, and prompted us to re-evaluate the thousand-year-old phytomedicine- ginseng from current perspectives. We, therefore, collected the latest information (mostly within 10 years) on ginseng, and condensed the information into two parts of this review serial. The present part covers etymology of ginseng, its pharmacognosy (natural origin, physical appearance, chemical properties, and specie identification), its cultivation and processing-related metabolic changes in active ingredients, standardized analytical methods used for quality control of various ginseng products, modern analytical methods used to identify and classify more than 100 chemical entities (many were recently unfolded) derived from ginseng species and their metabolites. The global markets and production of ginseng and relevant government regulations are herein updated to exchange information and understandings about current people's uses and cultivation of ginseng. The second part of the review serial will classify all these 100 chemical entities separated from various ginseng species into different groups based on their structural similarities, and summarize bioactivities of these entities. The second part of the review serial will also focus on recent findings of ginseng pharmacology and its clinical trials for various diseases, and brief side effects of ginseng.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yu-Zhu Wu:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8467-842X
                Jing-Sheng Liu:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1424-428X
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Anal Methods Chem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Anal Methods Chem
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JAMC
                Title: Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2090-8865
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-8873
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 October 2020
                Volume: 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4764219
                Affiliations
                1College of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
                2Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Rongda Xu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8467-842X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1424-428X
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2020/4764219
                PMC ID: 7563053
                PubMed ID: 33083092
                SO-VID: 0287e946-99ba-4ec1-90cc-3c6f15e1ab2b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Yun-Long Guo et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 26 March 2020
                Date accepted : 16 September 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: National Key Research and Development Program of China
                Award ID: 2016YFD0400702
                Funded by: Education Department of Jilin Province
                Award ID: JJKH20180654KJ
                Funded by: Jilin Agricultural University
                Award ID: 201715
                Funded by: National Grain Industry Leading Talent Program of China
                Award ID: LL2018201
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Analytical chemistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Analytical chemistry

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