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      Examining the consumer view of refreshing perception, relevant fruits, vegetables, soft drinks, and beers, and consumer age and gender segmentations

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          Abstract

          Consumer perspective of refreshing perception is underexplored, despite it being an emotional attribute to describe foods, beverages, hygiene products, and household items. An online survey ( N = 1518) was designed to collect consumer insight into the importance of refreshing, the definition and factors related to it, and the identification of refreshing fruits, vegetables, and drinks. Nearly all participants (99.8%) cited that they have had the need to consume a food or beverage to feel refreshed, and 76.3% cited that they need this at least once per day. The factors most associated with refreshing were thirst‐quenching (84.1%), temperature (86.2%), and cooling taste (86.0%). Water (86.6%), watermelons (80.8%), and cucumbers (83.5%) were the beverages/foods most frequently specified as refreshing. A second survey ( N = 1050) examined refreshing perception specifically related to beer consumption and associated flavor. Beer was rated highly refreshing by 75.5% of participants, affirming its refreshing reputation. Refreshing perceived from beer was most associated with cool temperature (95.4%), flavor of the beer (88.6%), lightened mood (87.1%), and thirst‐quenching (49.0%). Beers with crisp/clean flavors (87.3%) and citrus flavors (35.7%–51.7%) were most frequently specified as refreshing. There were no gender differences in the definition of refreshing and associated thirst‐quenching and cold, although age differences in defining beer refreshing were significant ( p ≤ .05). There were significant gender and age differences in types of refreshing vegetables, soft drinks, beer flavors, and varieties. The study provided consumer insight into refreshing perception and the gained knowledge could be used in new product design.

          Abstract

          This study demonstrated the importance of refreshing perception for consumer, the definition and factors related to the refreshing, types of fruits, vegetables, soft drinks, and beers perceived refreshing, as well as consumer segments based on age and gender.

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          Most cited references58

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          Sex differences in fruit and vegetable intake in older adults

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            Human cortical responses to water in the mouth, and the effects of thirst.

            In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in humans it was shown, first, that water produces activations in cortical taste areas (in particular the frontal operculum/anterior insula which is the primate primary taste cortex, and the caudal orbitofrontal/secondary taste cortex) comparable to those produced by the prototypical tastants salt and glucose. Second, the activations in the frontal operculum/anterior insula produced by water when thirsty were still as large after the subjects had consumed water to satiety. Third, in contrast, the responses to water in the caudal orbitofrontal cortex were modulated by the physiological state of the body, in that responses to the oral delivery of water in this region were not found after the subjects had drunk water to satiety. Fourth, further evidence that the reward value or pleasantness of water is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex was that a positive correlation with the subjective ratings of the pleasantness of the water was found with activations in the caudal and anterior orbitofrontal cortex, and also in the anterior cingulate cortex. Fifth, it was found that a region of the middle part of the insula was also activated by water in the mouth, and further, that this activation only occurred when thirsty. Sixth, analyses comparing pre- and postsatiety periods (i.e., when thirsty and when not thirsty) independently of stimulus delivery revealed higher activity levels in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. The activity of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex thus appears to reflect the thirst level or motivational state of the subjects.
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              Variability of affective responses to odors: culture, gender, and olfactory knowledge.

              Emotion and odor scales (EOS) measuring odor-related affective feelings were recently developed for three different countries (Switzerland, United Kingdom, and Singapore). The first aim of this study was to investigate gender and cultural differences in verbal affective response to odors, measured with EOS and the usual pleasantness scale. To better understand this variability, the second aim was to investigate the link between affective reports and olfactory knowledge (familiarity and identification). Responses of 772 participants smelling 56-59 odors were collected in the three countries. Women rated odors as more intense and identified them better in all countries, but no reliable sex differences were found for verbal affective responses to odors. Disgust-related feelings revealed odor-dependent sex differences, due to sex differences in identification and categorization. Further, increased odor knowledge was related to more positive affects as reported with pleasantness and odor-related feeling evaluations, which can be related to top-down influences on odor representation. These top-down influences were thought, for example, to relate to beliefs about odor properties or to categorization (edible vs. nonedible). Finally, the link between odor knowledge and olfactory affect was generally asymmetrical and significant only for pleasant odors, not for unpleasant ones that seemed to be more resistant to cognitive influences. This study, for the first time using emotional scales that are appropriate to the olfactory domain, brings new insights into the variability of affective responses to odors and its relationship to odor knowledge.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                xdu@twu.edu
                Journal
                Food Sci Nutr
                Food Sci Nutr
                10.1002/(ISSN)2048-7177
                FSN3
                Food Science & Nutrition
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2048-7177
                29 March 2022
                August 2022
                : 10
                : 8 ( doiID: 10.1002/fsn3.v10.8 )
                : 2516-2531
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences Texas Woman’s University Denton Texas USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Xiaofen Du, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA.

                Email: xdu@ 123456twu.edu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1596-5684
                Article
                FSN32857
                10.1002/fsn3.2857
                9361463
                35959260
                0cbe61eb-d9f7-448b-bd8b-b5dac186d868
                © 2022 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 12 March 2022
                : 02 November 2021
                : 15 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 14, Tables: 2, Pages: 16, Words: 8588
                Funding
                Funded by: Texas Woman's University—Experiential Graduate Student Scholar Program
                Categories
                Original Research
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                August 2022
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.1.7 mode:remove_FC converted:09.08.2022

                consumer segment,eating and drinking behavior,emotion in food,refreshed,refreshing,refreshment

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