For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
28
views
Article has an altmetric score of 4
94
references
 Top references
cited by
11
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      528
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Iron deficiency and common neurodevelopmental disorders—A scoping review

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background

          A wealth of human and experimental studies document a causal and aggravating role of iron deficiency in neurodevelopmental disorders. While pre-, peri-, and early postnatal iron deficiency sets the stage for the risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders, iron deficiency acquired at later ages aggravates pre-existing neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet, the association of iron deficiency and neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence has not yet been explored comprehensively.

          In this scoping review, we investigate 1) the association of iron deficiency in children and adolescents with the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders, ADHD, ASD, and FASD, and 2) whether iron supplementation improves outcomes in these disorders.

          Method

          Scoping review of studies published between 1994 and 2021 using “iron deficiency / iron deficiency anemia” AND “ADHD” OR “autism” OR “FASD” in four biomedical databases. The main inclusion criterion was that articles needed to have quantitative determination of iron status at any postnatal age with primary iron markers such as serum ferritin being reported in association with ADHD, ASD, or FASD.

          Results

          For ADHD, 22/30 studies and 4/4 systematic reviews showed an association of ADHD occurrence or severity with iron deficiency; 6/6 treatment studies including 2 randomized controlled trials demonstrated positive effects of iron supplementation. For ASD, 3/6 studies showed an association with iron deficiency, while 3/6 and 1/1 systematic literature review did not; 4 studies showed a variety of prevalence rates of iron deficiency in ASD populations; 1 randomized controlled trial found no positive effect of iron supplementation on behavioural symptoms of ASD. For FASD, 2/2 studies showed an association of iron deficiency with growth retardation in infants and children with prenatal alcohol exposure.

          Conclusion

          Evidence in favor of screening for iron deficiency and using iron supplementation for pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders comes primarily from ADHD studies and needs to be further investigated for ASD and FASD. Further analysis of study methodologies employed and populations investigated is needed to compare studies against each other and further substantiate the evidence created.

          Related collections

          Most cited references94

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: found
          Is Open Access

          Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

          (2022)
          Summary Background The mental disorders included in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 were depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, eating disorders, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, and a residual category of other mental disorders. We aimed to measure the global, regional, and national prevalence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYS), years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs) for mental disorders from 1990 to 2019. Methods In this study, we assessed prevalence and burden estimates from GBD 2019 for 12 mental disorders, males and females, 23 age groups, 204 countries and territories, between 1990 and 2019. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs to premature mortality. We systematically reviewed PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed, and the Global Health Data Exchange to obtain data on prevalence, incidence, remission, duration, severity, and excess mortality for each mental disorder. These data informed a Bayesian meta-regression analysis to estimate prevalence by disorder, age, sex, year, and location. Prevalence was multiplied by corresponding disability weights to estimate YLDs. Cause-specific deaths were compiled from mortality surveillance databases. The Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy was used to estimate death rate by age, sex, year, and location. The death rates were multiplied by the years of life expected to be remaining at death based on a normative life expectancy to estimate YLLs. Deaths and YLLs could be calculated only for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, since these were the only mental disorders identified as underlying causes of death in GBD 2019. Findings Between 1990 and 2019, the global number of DALYs due to mental disorders increased from 80·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 59·5–105·9) to 125·3 million (93·0–163·2), and the proportion of global DALYs attributed to mental disorders increased from 3·1% (95% UI 2·4–3·9) to 4·9% (3·9–6·1). Age-standardised DALY rates remained largely consistent between 1990 (1581·2 DALYs [1170·9–2061·4] per 100 000 people) and 2019 (1566·2 DALYs [1160·1–2042·8] per 100 000 people). YLDs contributed to most of the mental disorder burden, with 125·3 million YLDs (95% UI 93·0–163·2; 14·6% [12·2–16·8] of global YLDs) in 2019 attributable to mental disorders. Eating disorders accounted for 17 361·5 YLLs (95% UI 15 518·5–21 459·8). Globally, the age-standardised DALY rate for mental disorders was 1426·5 (95% UI 1056·4–1869·5) per 100 000 population among males and 1703·3 (1261·5–2237·8) per 100 000 population among females. Age-standardised DALY rates were highest in Australasia, Tropical Latin America, and high-income North America. Interpretation GBD 2019 showed that mental disorders remained among the top ten leading causes of burden worldwide, with no evidence of global reduction in the burden since 1990. The estimated YLLs for mental disorders were extremely low and do not reflect premature mortality in individuals with mental disorders. Research to establish causal pathways between mental disorders and other fatal health outcomes is recommended so that this may be addressed within the GBD study. To reduce the burden of mental disorders, coordinated delivery of effective prevention and treatment programmes by governments and the global health community is imperative. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Queensland Department of Health, Australia.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1378 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
          Article has an altmetric score of 940
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?

            A. Jadad, R Moore, D. Carroll … (1996)
            It has been suggested that the quality of clinical trials should be assessed by blinded raters to limit the risk of introducing bias into meta-analyses and systematic reviews, and into the peer-review process. There is very little evidence in the literature to substantiate this. This study describes the development of an instrument to assess the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in pain research and its use to determine the effect of rater blinding on the assessments of quality. A multidisciplinary panel of six judges produced an initial version of the instrument. Fourteen raters from three different backgrounds assessed the quality of 36 research reports in pain research, selected from three different samples. Seven were allocated randomly to perform the assessments under blind conditions. The final version of the instrument included three items. These items were scored consistently by all the raters regardless of background and could discriminate between reports from the different samples. Blind assessments produced significantly lower and more consistent scores than open assessments. The implications of this finding for systematic reviews, meta-analytic research and the peer-review process are discussed.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1144 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Article has an altmetric score of 180
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data

              Gretchen Stevens, Mariel Finucane, Luz María De-Regil … (2013)
              Summary Background Low haemoglobin concentrations and anaemia are important risk factors for the health and development of women and children. We estimated trends in the distributions of haemoglobin concentration and in the prevalence of anaemia and severe anaemia in young children and pregnant and non-pregnant women between 1995 and 2011. Methods We obtained data about haemoglobin and anaemia for children aged 6–59 months and women of childbearing age (15–49 years) from 257 population-representative data sources from 107 countries worldwide. We used health, nutrition, and household surveys; summary statistics from WHO's Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System; and summary statistics reported by other national and international agencies. We used a Bayesian hierarchical mixture model to estimate haemoglobin distributions and systematically addressed missing data, non-linear time trends, and representativeness of data sources. We quantified the uncertainty of our estimates. Findings Global mean haemoglobin improved slightly between 1995 and 2011, from 125 g/L (95% credibility interval 123–126) to 126 g/L (124–128) in non-pregnant women, from 112 g/L (111–113) to 114 g/L (112–116) in pregnant women, and from 109 g/L (107–111) to 111 g/L (110–113) in children. Anaemia prevalence decreased from 33% (29–37) to 29% (24–35) in non-pregnant women, from 43% (39–47) to 38% (34–43) in pregnant women, and from 47% (43–51) to 43% (38–47) in children. These prevalences translated to 496 million (409–595 million) non-pregnant women, 32 million (28–36 million) pregnant women, and 273 million (242–304 million) children with anaemia in 2011. In 2011, concentrations of mean haemoglobin were lowest and anaemia prevalence was highest in south Asia and central and west Africa. Interpretation Children's and women's haemoglobin statuses improved in some regions where concentrations had been low in the 1990s, leading to a modest global increase in mean haemoglobin and a reduction in anaemia prevalence. Further improvements are needed in some regions, particularly south Asia and central and west Africa, to improve the health of women and children and achieve global targets for reducing anaemia. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Grand Challenges Canada, and the UK Medical Research Council.
              Article 0 comments Cited 411 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Article has an altmetric score of 165
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Scout McWilliams:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-2775
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Ishmeet Singh:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-0005
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Wayne Leung: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Methodology
                Sylvia Stockler: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Osman S. Ipsiroglu: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Efthimios M. C. Skoulakis: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 September 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0273819
                Affiliations
                [1 ] H-Behaviours Research Lab (previously Sleep/Wake-Behaviour Research Lab), BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
                [2 ] Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
                [3 ] Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
                [4 ] Divisions of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Developmental Pediatrics and Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, Sleep/Wake-Behaviour Clinic at Sleep Program, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
                Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, GREECE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-2775
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-0005
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-21-23571
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273819
                PMC ID: 9522276
                PubMed ID: 36173945
                SO-VID: 0dc3ed86-0fad-4057-aa54-ef37a01ce06a
                Copyright © © 2022 McWilliams et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 22 July 2021
                Date accepted : 16 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 22
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012285, bc children’s hospital research institute;
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-2775
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012285, bc children’s hospital research institute;
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-0005
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011606, mach-gaensslen foundation of canada;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000245, michael smith foundation for health research;
                SM was supported by a summer studentship from BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute ( https://www.bcchr.ca/), IS was supported by funds from the BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute for sleep wake behaviour research (to OI) and for treatable intellectual disability research (to SS). WL was supported by the Mach-Gaensslen Foundation ( https://mach-gaensslen.ca/). The Iron Conundrum Workshop was funded by an award from the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research ( https://www.msfhr.org/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Subject: Adhd
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Developmental Neuroscience
                Subject: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Subject: Adhd
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Subject: Adhd
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Neuropsychiatric Disorders
                Subject: Adhd
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Developmental Psychology
                Subject: Pervasive Developmental Disorders
                Subject: Autism Spectrum Disorder
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Developmental Psychology
                Subject: Pervasive Developmental Disorders
                Subject: Autism Spectrum Disorder
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Hematology
                Subject: Anemia
                Subject: Iron Deficiency Anemia
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Nutrition
                Subject: Nutritional Deficiencies
                Subject: Iron Deficiency
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Nutrition
                Subject: Nutritional Deficiencies
                Subject: Iron Deficiency
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Research Assessment
                Subject: Systematic Reviews
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Developmental Psychology
                Subject: Pervasive Developmental Disorders
                Subject: Autism Spectrum Disorder
                Subject: Autism
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Developmental Psychology
                Subject: Pervasive Developmental Disorders
                Subject: Autism Spectrum Disorder
                Subject: Autism
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Medical Conditions
                Subject: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Subject: Autism
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Developmental Neuroscience
                Subject: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Subject: Autism
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
                Subject: Autism
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Clinical Medicine
                Subject: Clinical Trials
                Subject: Randomized Controlled Trials
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pharmacology
                Subject: Drug Research and Development
                Subject: Clinical Trials
                Subject: Randomized Controlled Trials
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Clinical Trials
                Subject: Randomized Controlled Trials
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Research Design
                Subject: Clinical Research Design
                Subject: Case Series
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information files.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_
                0
                0
                0
                0
                Smart Citations
                0
                0
                0
                0
                Citing PublicationsSupportingMentioningContrasting
                View Citations

                See how this article has been cited at scite.ai

                scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.

                Similar content528

                See all similar

                Cited by10

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors1,932

                See all reference authors