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      Does negative contact undermine attempts to improve intergroup relations? Deepening the understanding of negative contact and its consequences for intergroup contact research and interventions

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          Bad is stronger than good.

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            Social categorization and intergroup behaviour

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              A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.

              The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact. Copyright 2006 APA.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Journal of Social Issues
                J Soc Issues
                Wiley
                0022-4537
                1540-4560
                March 2021
                March 02 2021
                March 2021
                : 77
                : 1
                : 197-216
                Affiliations
                [1 ]FernUniversität in Hagen Germany
                [2 ]Medical School Hamburg Germany
                [3 ]Oxford University United Kingdom
                [4 ]The WODC (Research and Documentation Center) Netherlands
                [5 ]University of Newcastle Australia
                Article
                10.1111/josi.12422
                0ff4e558-fae6-45fe-8e3f-5b07dd83635b
                © 2021

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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