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      The Influence of Age on Eye Movements during Reading in Early Elementary School Children Translated title: Untersuchung der Augenbewegungen bei Kindern im frühen Grundschulalter während des Lesens

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          Abstract

          Purpose Eye movement disorders have been observed in many eye diseases, such as amblyopia and developmental dyslexia. The detection of pathological eye movement behaviour is difficult and requires more data for comparison. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of age, school level, gender, and mother tongue on eye movements while reading.

          Methods One hundred and twenty-seven normally sighted children aged 7 – 12 were recruited from grades 2 – 5. The children were asked to read aloud two texts of The New International Reading Speed Text (IReST) of similar difficulty. Eye movements while reading were recorded by eyetracking technology (SMI RED 250, SensoMotoric Instruments, Teltow, Germany). The eye movement parameters were obtained from 118 children, and reading speed (words/minute), number of saccades, number of fixations, reading errors, and influence of school grade were analyzed.

          Results We showed a significant influence of age in all eye movement parameters. The main finding of this study is that younger children performed more saccades, a higher number of fixations per word, and more reading errors while taking more time to read the text than older children in higher grades. In early grades, non-native German speakers read more slowly and performed more saccades and fixations, but no more differences were seen by grade 5. Overall, there was no significant influence of gender or school system on reading parameters.

          Conclusion This study highlights the need for an age-appropriate normative database for eye movements during reading.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund Augenbewegungsstörungen wurden bei vielen Augenkrankheiten beobachtet, z. B. bei Amblyopie und Legasthenie. Der Nachweis eines pathologischen Augenbewegungsmusters ist schwierig und erfordert mehr Normwerte zum Vergleich. Daher war das Hauptziel dieser Studie, den Einfluss von Alter, Schulstufe, Geschlecht und Muttersprache auf die Augenbewegungen beim Lesen zu untersuchen.

          Methode Insgesamt wurden 127 Primarschulkinder (2. – 5. Klasse) im Alter von 7 – 12 Jahren untersucht. Die Kinder wurden gebeten, zwei Texte des New International Reading Speed Texts (IReST) mit ähnlichem Schwierigkeitsgrad laut vorzulesen. Die Augenbewegungen während des Lesens wurden mit der Eye-Tracking-Technologie (SMI RED 250, SensoMotoric Instruments, Teltow, Deutschland) aufgezeichnet. Die Augenbewegungsparameter von 118 Kindern wurden analysiert in Bezug auf die Lesegeschwindigkeit (Wörter/Minute), Anzahl der Sakkaden und Fixationen, Lesefehler und Einfluss der Schulstufe.

          Ergebnis Wir konnten einen signifikanten Einfluss des Alters auf alle Augenbewegungsparameter nachweisen. Das Hauptergebnis dieser Studie ist, dass jüngere Kinder mehr Sakkaden, eine höhere Anzahl von Fixationen pro Wort und mehr Lesefehler zeigten, sowie mehr Zeit zum Lesen des Textes benötigten als ältere Kinder in höheren Klassenstufen. In den ersten Klassenstufen lasen Nichtmuttersprachler langsamer und führten mehr Sakkaden und Fixationen aus, aber in der fünften Klasse wurden keine Unterschiede mehr festgestellt. Insgesamt zeigte sich kein signifikanter Einfluss des Geschlechts oder des Schulsystems auf die Leseparameter.

          Diskussion Diese Studie veranschaulicht den Bedarf an altersgerechten normativen Daten zur Beurteilung von Augenbewegungen beim Lesen.

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          Most cited references34

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          Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

          Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.
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            Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search.

            Eye movements are now widely used to investigate cognitive processes during reading, scene perception, and visual search. In this article, research on the following topics is reviewed with respect to reading: (a) the perceptual span (or span of effective vision), (b) preview benefit, (c) eye movement control, and (d) models of eye movements. Related issues with respect to eye movements during scene perception and visual search are also reviewed. It is argued that research on eye movements during reading has been somewhat advanced over research on eye movements in scene perception and visual search and that some of the paradigms developed to study reading should be more widely adopted in the study of scene perception and visual search. Research dealing with "real-world" tasks and research utilizing the visual-world paradigm are also briefly discussed.
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              The Freiburg Visual Acuity test--automatic measurement of visual acuity.

              M. Bach (1995)
              The Freiburg Visual Acuity test is an automated procedure for self-administered measurement of visual acuity. Landolt-Cs are presented on a monitor in one of eight orientations. The subject presses one of eight buttons, which are spatially arranged on a response box according to the eight possible positions of the Landolt-Cs' gap. To estimate the acuity threshold, a best PEST (best Parameter Estimation by Sequential Testing) procedure is used in which a psychometric function having a constant slope on a logarithmic acuity scale is assumed. Measurement terminates after a fixed number of trials. With computer monitors, pixel-discreteness artifacts limit the presentation of small stimuli. By using anti-aliasing, i.e., smoothing of contours by multiple gray levels, the spatial resolution was improved by a factor of four. Thus, even the shape of small Landolt-Cs with oblique gaps is adequate and visual acuities from 5/80 (0.06) up to 5/1.4 (3.6) can be tested at a distance of 5 m.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Klin Monbl Augenheilkd
                Klin Monbl Augenheilkd
                10.1055/s-00000031
                Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde
                Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany )
                0023-2165
                1439-3999
                25 April 2023
                April 2023
                1 April 2023
                : 240
                : 4
                : 591-598
                Affiliations
                University of Basel, University Eye Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
                Author notes
                Correspondence Jason Wertli University of Basel University Eye Hospital Mittlere Strasse 914031 BaselSwitzerland+ 41 (0) 7 65 04 03 26 ja.wertli@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                KliMoSOG-2022-07-0276-KS
                10.1055/a-2045-7271
                10129412
                24e79dd6-7c8a-4873-b02f-782ab0633104
                The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 28 July 2022
                : 14 February 2023
                Categories
                Klinische Studie

                irest,eye tracker,eye movements,reading,augenbewegungen,lesen
                irest, eye tracker, eye movements, reading, augenbewegungen, lesen

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