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      Relaciones hídricas e intercambio gaseoso en alfalfa bajo condiciones de sequía Translated title: Water relations and gas exchange in lucerne under drought conditions

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          Abstract

          Resumen Se estudió el efecto del déficit hídrico edáfico en las relaciones hídricas e intercambio gaseoso de diez variedades de alfalfa (M. sativa L.) en invernadero con riego (R) y sequía (S). Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones en R y cuatro en S. La unidad experimental fue una planta individual en un tubo de PVC de 4” y 1 m de alto. Las plántulas se trasplantaron en los tubos, 20 d después de la germinación en charolas para almacigo. La fertilización se hizo al aplicar la fórmula 60-140-00 a los 44, 240 y 420 dds. En R el contenido hídrico del suelo se mantuvo cercano a CC [20-406 ddt, R1 y 406-688 ddt, R2] y en S la aplicación de agua se suspendió por 61 d (345-406 ddt, S1) y 68 d (620-688 ddt, S2). El potencial hídrico (ψ), osmótico (π) y de turgencia (p) y la tasa de asimilación (A) y transpiración (E), y la conductancia estomática (g) más bajos en S1 fueron ψ= -3.1, π= -3.5 y p= 0.4 MPa; A= 4.4 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, E= 0.022 mol H2O m-2 s-1 y g= 0.7 mmol H2O m-2 s-1), y en S2 ψ = -3.5, π = -3.7 y p= 0.2 MPa; A = 4 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, E= 0.019 mol H2O m-2 s-1 y g= 0.7 mmol H2O m-2 s-1. El ajuste osmótico (AO) y la eficiencia en el uso del agua (W) mostraron valores finales de 1.7 MPa y 0.0058 mmol CO2 mmol-1 H2O-1 en S1 y 1.96 MPa y 0.0061 mmol CO2 mmol-1 H2O-1 en S2. Las variedades Genex, Júpiter, Atlixco y Milenia con altos niveles de AO, A, E, g y W mostraron mejor comportamiento y tolerancia al estrés hídrico.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The effect of the edaphic water deficit on the water relations and gas exchange of ten varieties of lucerne (M. sativa L.) in the greenhouse with irrigation (I) and drought (D) were studied. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications in I and four in D. The experimental unit was an individual plant in a 4” PVC tube and 1 m high. The seedlings were transplanted into the tubes, 20 d after germination in storage trays. Fertilization was done by applying formula 60-140-00 at 44, 240 and 420 dds. In I the soil water content remained close to CC [20-406 ddt, I1 and 406-688 ddt, I2] and in S the application of water was suspended for 61 d (345-406 ddt, D1) and 68 d (620-688 ddt, D2). The lowest water potential (ψ), osmotic (π) and turgidity (p) and the rate of assimilation (A) and transpiration (E), and the lowest stomatal conductance (g) in I1 were ψ= -3.1, π= -3.5 and p= 0.4 MPa; A= 4.4 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, E= 0.022 mol H2O m-2 s-1 and g= 0.7 mmol H2O m-2 s-1), and in S2 ψ = -3.5, π = -3.7 and p= 0.2 MPa; A = 4 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, E= 0.019 mol H2O m-2 s-1 and g= 0.7 mmol H2O m-2 s-1. The osmotic adjustment (OA) and the efficiency in the use of water (W) showed final values of 1.7 MPa and 0.0058 mmol CO2 mmol-1 H2O-1 in S1 and 1.96 MPa and 0.0061 mmol CO2 mmol-1 H2O-1 in S2. The Genex, Jupiter, Atlixco and Milenia varieties with high levels of OA, A, E, g and W showed better behavior and tolerance to water stress.

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          Phytohormones and plant responses to salinity stress: a review

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            Improvement of stress tolerance of wheat and barley by modulation of expression of DREB/CBF factors.

            Transcription factors have been shown to control the activity of multiple stress response genes in a coordinated manner and therefore represent attractive targets for application in molecular plant breeding. We investigated the possibility of modulating the transcriptional regulation of drought and cold responses in the agriculturally important species, wheat and barley, with a view to increase drought and frost tolerance. Transgenic wheat and barley plants were generated showing constitutive (double 35S) and drought-inducible (maize Rab17) expression of the TaDREB2 and TaDREB3 transcription factors isolated from wheat grain. Transgenic populations with constitutive over-expression showed slower growth, delayed flowering and lower grain yields relative to the nontransgenic controls. However, both the TaDREB2 and TaDREB3 transgenic plants showed improved survival under severe drought conditions relative to nontransgenic controls. There were two components to the drought tolerance: real (activation of drought-stress-inducible genes) and 'seeming' (consumption of less water as a result of smaller size and/or slower growth of transgenics compared to controls). The undesired changes in plant development associated with the 'seeming' component of tolerance could be alleviated by using a drought-inducible promoter. In addition to drought tolerance, both TaDREB2 and TaDREB3 transgenic plants with constitutive over-expression of the transgene showed a significant improvement in frost tolerance. The increased expression of TaDREB2 and TaDREB3 lead to elevated expression in the transgenics of 10 other CBF/DREB genes and a large number of stress responsive LEA/COR/DHN genes known to be responsible for the protection of cell from damage and desiccation under stress. © 2010 ACPFG. Plant Biotechnology Journal © 2010 Society for Experimental Biology, Association of Applied Biologists and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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              Research Progress and Perspective on Drought Stress in Legumes: A Review

              Climate change, food shortage, water scarcity, and population growth are some of the threatening challenges being faced in today’s world. Drought stress (DS) poses a constant challenge for agricultural crops and has been considered a severe constraint for global agricultural productivity; its intensity and severity are predicted to increase in the near future. Legumes demonstrate high sensitivity to DS, especially at vegetative and reproductive stages. They are mostly grown in the dry areas and are moderately drought tolerant, but severe DS leads to remarkable production losses. The most prominent effects of DS are reduced germination, stunted growth, serious damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, decrease in net photosynthesis, and a reduction in nutrient uptake. To curb the catastrophic effect of DS in legumes, it is imperative to understand its effects, mechanisms, and the agronomic and genetic basis of drought for sustainable management. This review highlights the impact of DS on legumes, mechanisms, and proposes appropriate management approaches to alleviate the severity of water stress. In our discussion, we outline the influence of water stress on physiological aspects (such as germination, photosynthesis, water and nutrient uptake), growth parameters and yield. Additionally, mechanisms, various management strategies, for instance, agronomic practices (planting time and geometry, nutrient management), plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), functional genomics and advanced strategies (CRISPR-Cas9) are also critically discussed. We propose that the integration of several approaches such as agronomic and biotechnological strategies as well as advanced genome editing tools is needed to develop drought-tolerant legume cultivars.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                remexca
                Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas
                Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc
                Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico )
                2007-0934
                May 2020
                : 11
                : spe24
                : 81-92
                Affiliations
                [2] Texcoco Estado de México orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Chapingo Mexico pedroarturo@ 123456correo.chapingo.mx
                [1] Texcoco orgnameColegio de Postgraduados orgdiv1Campus Montecillo Mexico luna.milton@ 123456colpos.mx
                Article
                S2007-09342020000900081 S2007-0934(20)01102400081
                10.29312/remexca.v0i24.2360
                2dbd7732-dbfd-44db-8134-c5e1b257b15b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 January 2020
                : 01 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 12
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                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                transpiración,assimilation,efficiency in the use of water,osmotic adjustment,transpiration,ajuste osmótico,asimilación,eficiencia en el uso del agua

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