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      Transitioning to Digital Systems: The Role of World Health Organization’s Digital Adaptation Kits in Operationalizing Recommendations and Interoperability Standards

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          Abstract

          The World Health Organization (WHO) digital adaptation kits distill WHO guidance into a standardized format that can be more easily incorporated into digital systems and facilitate communication between the health workforce and technologists to enable a shared understanding of the underlying content.

          Key Messages

          • Digital adaptation kits (DAKs) translate World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for a health domain area into a package of business process workflows, core data needs, decision-support algorithms, linkages to indicators, and functional requirements that can then be more easily translated into digital systems.

          • DAKs are part of the suite of tools within the WHO SMART (Standards-based, Machine-readable, Adaptive, Requirements-based, and Testable) guidelines approach to systematically reinforce clinical, public health, and data recommendations within digital systems.

          • DAKs serve as a critical step in fulfilling WHO’s long-term vision of SMART guidelines for transforming guideline development, delivery, and application in the digital age. A key measure of success will be ensuring countries can adapt the generic DAKs according to their digital ecosystem and aligned to their national health policies.

          • Collaborations across health program leads, digital health and health information systems focal points, implementers, software developers, and service providers will be critical for the effective use of DAKs within country contexts.

          ABSTRACT

          Introduction:

          The transition from paper to digital systems requires quality assurance of the underlying content and application of data standards for interoperability. The World Health Organization (WHO) developed digital adaptation kits (DAKs) as an operational and software-neutral mechanism to translate WHO guidelines into a standardized format that can be more easily incorporated into digital systems.

          Methods:

          WHO convened health program area and digital leads, reviewed existing approaches for requirements gathering, mapped to established standards, and incorporated research findings to define DAK components.

          Results:

          For each health domain area, the DAKs distill WHO guidelines to specify the health interventions, personas, user scenarios, business process workflows, core data elements mapped to terminology codes, decision-support logic, program indicators, and functional and nonfunctional requirements.

          Discussion:

          DAKs aim to catalyze quality of care and facilitate data use and interoperability as part of WHO’s vision of SMART (Standards-based, Machine-readable, Adaptive, Requirements-based, and Testable) guidelines. Efforts will be needed to strengthen a collaborative approach for the uptake of DAKs within the local digital ecosystem and national health policies.

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          Most cited references33

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          Provider Bias in Family Planning Services: A Review of Its Meaning and Manifestations

          Provider bias, including bias regarding client age, parity, and marital status, persists as an important barrier to contraceptive choice and access. Newer approaches to mitigate bias that have moved beyond training and guideline development to more fundamental behavior change show promise.
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            WHO Guideline Recommendations on Digital Interventions for Health System Strengthening

            (2019)
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              WHO SMART guidelines: optimising country-level use of guideline recommendations in the digital age

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Glob Health Sci Pract
                Glob Health Sci Pract
                ghsp
                ghsp
                Global Health: Science and Practice
                Global Health: Science and Practice
                2169-575X
                28 February 2022
                28 February 2022
                : 10
                : 1
                : e2100320
                Affiliations
                [a ]UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization , Geneva, Switzerland.
                [b ]World Health Organization, Department of Digital Health and Innovations , Geneva, Switzerland.
                [c ]World Health Organization, Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes , Geneva, Switzerland.
                [d ]PATH, Digital Square , Seattle, WA, USA.
                [e ]John Snow Inc., Center for Digital Health , Washington. DC, USA.
                [f ]World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Multicountry Assistance Team , Kampala, Uganda.
                [g ]World Health Organization Country Office for India, Maternal & Reproductive Health Team , New Delhi, India.
                [h ]University of Philippines, College of Medicine , Manila, Philippines.
                [i ]PATH, Living Labs , Nairobi, Kenya.
                [j ]PATH, Digital Square , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
                [k ]United Nations Population Fund , New York, NY, USA.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Tigest Tamrat ( tamratt@ 123456who.int ).
                Article
                GHSP-D-21-00320
                10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00320
                8885357
                35294382
                3a197260-5f76-4730-821e-cd65ffb08e28
                © Tamrat et al.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly cited. To view a copy of the license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. When linking to this article, please use the following permanent link: https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00320

                History
                : 26 April 2021
                : 14 December 2021
                Categories
                Methodology

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