The First In Situ Observation of the Ram’s Horn Squid Spirula spirula Turns “Common Knowledge” Upside Down

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Abstract

The ram’s horn squid Spirula spirula (Linnaeus, 1758) is the only extant cephalopod with an internal calcareous, chambered shell that is coiled, making it the sole living representative of the once speciose order Spirulida [...]

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Most cited references 13

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The evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology

R. Young, M. Vecchione, D Donovan (1998)

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A preliminary estimate of the trophic position of the deep-water ram’s horn squid Spirula spirula based on the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids

Naohiko Ohkouchi, Ryuichi Tsuda, Yoshito Chikaraishi … (2013)

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Whole mitochondrial genome of the Ram's Horn Squid shines light on the phylogenetic position of the monotypic order Spirulida (Haeckel, 1896).

Jan Strugnell, Nathan Hall, Michael Vecchione … (2017)

The phylogenetic position of the only known species within the order Spirulida, the Ram's Horn Squid, Spirula spirula, may be the key to resolving relationships within Decapodiformes (squids and cuttlefishes). Spirula spirula possesses several unique features including an internal calcareous chambered shell unlike the familiar cuttlebone of Sepiidae (cuttlefishes). The shell is reduced to a gladius or absent in other decapod clades. To resolve decapodiform phylogenetic relationships we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of S. spirula and Sepiadarium austrinum and analysed these along with other mitochondrial genomes. Sequence analyses found that S. spirula and Sepiidae, the only two extant phragmocone bearing groups, were not sister taxa. Rather, in most analyses S. spirula was placed within a clade containing Bathyteuthoidea and Oegopsida either as the sister taxon to Bathyteuthoidea+Oegopsida or the sister taxon to Bathyteuthoidea only, depending upon the analysis method. Sepiidae was the sister taxon to a clade containing all remaining decapods. Spirulid mitochondrial gene order was identical to that of Octopodiformes, which we recognize as close to that of ancestral molluscs. The phylogenetic position of Idiosepiidae differed among analysis methods of molecular sequence data. However, gene order analysis resolved a highly supported monophyletic relationship containing Idiosepiidae and Sepiolida.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Dhugal J. Lindsay: (View ORCID Profile)

Mardi McNeil: (View ORCID Profile)

Robin J. Beaman: (View ORCID Profile)

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): DIVEC6

Title: Diversity

Abbreviated Title: Diversity

Publisher: MDPI AG

ISSN (Electronic): 1424-2818

Publication date Created: December 2020

Publication date (Electronic): November 27 2020

Volume: 12

Issue: 12

Page: 449

Article

DOI: 10.3390/d12120449

SO-VID: 3c8ce51d-460e-4729-9344-df6bb40c831b

License:

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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