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      Iodine intake from brown seaweed and the related nutritional risk assessment in Koreans

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

          Although iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and controls many metabolic processes, there are few reports on the iodine intake of the population because of the scarcity of information on the iodine content in food. This study estimated the iodine intake of Koreans from brown seaweed, the major source of iodine in nature.

          SUBJECTS/METHODS

          The dietary intake data from the recent Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2021) and the iodine content in brown seaweed were used for the estimation. Nationwide brown seaweed samples were collected and prepared using the representative preparation/cooking methods in the Koreans’ diet before iodine analysis by alkaline digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

          RESULTS

          The mean (± SE) iodine intake from sea mustard was 96.01 ± 2.36 µg/day in the Korean population. Although the iodine content in kelp was approximately seven times higher than that in sea mustard, the mean iodine intake from kelp (except broth) was similar to that of sea mustard, 115.58 ± 7.71 µg/day, whereas that from kelp broth was 347.57 ± 10.03 µg/day. The overall mean iodine intake from brown seaweed was 559.16 ± 13.15 µg/day, well over the Recommended Nutrient Intake of iodine for Koreans. Nevertheless, the median intake was zero because only 37.6% of the population consumed brown seaweed on the survey date, suggesting that Koreans do not consume brown seaweed daily.

          CONCLUSION

          The distribution of the usual intake of iodine from brown seaweed in Koreans would be much tighter, resulting in a lower proportion of people exceeding the tolerable upper intake levels and possibly a lower mean intake than this study presented. Further study evaluating the iodine nutriture of Koreans based on the usual intake is warranted. Nevertheless, this study adds to the few reports on the iodine nutriture of Koreans.

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          Most cited references24

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          Data Resource Profile: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

          The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) is a national surveillance system that has been assessing the health and nutritional status of Koreans since 1998. Based on the National Health Promotion Act, the surveys have been conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). This nationally representative cross-sectional survey includes approximately 10 000 individuals each year as a survey sample and collects information on socioeconomic status, health-related behaviours, quality of life, healthcare utilization, anthropometric measures, biochemical and clinical profiles for non-communicable diseases and dietary intakes with three component surveys: health interview, health examination and nutrition survey. The health interview and health examination are conducted by trained staff members, including physicians, medical technicians and health interviewers, at a mobile examination centre, and dieticians’ visits to the homes of the study participants are followed up. KNHANES provides statistics for health-related policies in Korea, which also serve as the research infrastructure for studies on risk factors and diseases by supporting over 500 publications. KCDC has also supported researchers in Korea by providing annual workshops for data users. KCDC has published the Korea Health Statistics each year, and microdata are publicly available through the KNHANES website (http://knhanes.cdc.go.kr).
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            Assessment of Japanese iodine intake based on seaweed consumption in Japan: A literature-based analysis

            Japanese iodine intake from edible seaweeds is amongst the highest in the world. Predicting the type and amount of seaweed the Japanese consume is difficult due to day-to-day meal variation and dietary differences between generations and regions. In addition, iodine content varies considerably between seaweed species, with cooking and/or processing having an influence on iodine content. Due to all these factors, researchers frequently overestimate, or underestimate, Japanese iodine intake from seaweeds, which results in misleading and potentially dangerous diet and supplementation recommendations for people aiming to achieve the same health benefits seen by the Japanese. By combining information from dietary records, food surveys, urine iodine analysis (both spot and 24-hour samples) and seaweed iodine content, we estimate that the Japanese iodine intake--largely from seaweeds--averages 1,000-3,000 μg/day (1-3 mg/day).
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              Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2020

              (2020)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nutr Res Pract
                Nutr Res Pract
                NRP
                Nutrition Research and Practice
                The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition
                1976-1457
                2005-6168
                June 2024
                27 May 2024
                : 18
                : 3
                : 412-424
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
                [2 ]Nutrition and Functional Food Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea.
                [3 ]Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
                Author notes
                Corresponding Author: Cho-il Kim. Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea. Tel. +82-2-880-9098, Fax. +82-2-884-0305, kimchoil@ 123456snu.ac.kr
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0527-1427
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-3752
                https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4222-8366
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-6791
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6495-8483
                Article
                10.4162/nrp.2024.18.3.412
                11156764
                38854470
                50dbcd00-19ed-4828-b52f-dcbb5472ca3d
                ©2024 The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 March 2024
                : 18 April 2024
                : 25 April 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, CrossRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003569;
                Award ID: 23191MFDS059
                Categories
                Original Research

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                iodine intake,brown seaweed,nutritional risk,usual intake
                Nutrition & Dietetics
                iodine intake, brown seaweed, nutritional risk, usual intake

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