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      An enhanced lure for eastern populations of the North American spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

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          Abstract

          Regional variation in pheromone production and response has practical implications for the use of semiochemical lures to monitor and control bark beetle populations. We tested 4 lure formulations including 2 new formulations that reflect the pheromone production profiles of western and eastern populations of spruce beetles, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), as well as 2 commercially available formulations (current Rocky Mountain lure and current Atlantic lure), in 2 locations in New Brunswick, Canada. In 2 separate years, the new eastern lure containing seudenol, MCOL, and spruce terpenes captured 4 times (2021) and 11 times (2022) more spruce beetles than the current Atlantic lure that consisted of frontalin, seudenol, and spruce terpenes. In 2021, we also captured more eastern larch beetles, Dendroctonus simplex LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with the new eastern lure, whereas in 2022, we captured the most D. simplex with the current Atlantic lure, suggesting that more research is needed on D. simplex pheromone production and response across its range. The bark beetle predator, Thanasimus dubius (Fabr.; Coleoptera: Cleridae), did not respond well to the new eastern blend that lacks frontalin, suggesting that response to frontalin is important in finding prey and might be conserved in predator populations. The reduced trap catch of T. dubius to the enhanced lure is beneficial because it does not inhibit natural population control by removing predators from the community. Our study reveals an improved trap lure for eastern populations of spruce beetles and highlights gaps and research needs in bark beetle pheromone ecology.

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            Anatomical and chemical defenses of conifer bark against bark beetles and other pests.

            Conifers are long-lived organisms, and part of their success is due to their potent defense mechanisms. This review focuses on bark defenses, a front line against organisms trying to reach the nutrient-rich phloem. A major breach of the bark can lead to tree death, as evidenced by the millions of trees killed every year by specialized bark-invading insects. Different defense strategies have arisen in conifer lineages, but the general strategy is one of overlapping constitutive mechanical and chemical defenses overlaid with the capacity to up-regulate additional defenses. The defense strategy incorporates a graded response from 'repel', through 'defend' and 'kill', to 'compartmentalize', depending upon the advance of the invading organism. Using a combination of toxic and polymer chemistry, anatomical structures and their placement, and inducible defenses, conifers have evolved bark defense mechanisms that work against a variety of pests. However, these can be overcome by strategies including aggregation pheromones of bark beetles and introduction of virulent phytopathogens. The defense structures and chemicals in conifer bark are reviewed and questions about their coevolution with bark beetles are discussed. Copyright New Phytologist (2005).
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              A MULTIPLE FUNNEL TRAP FOR SCOLYTID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA)

              The multiple funnel trap, an efficient, collapsible, non-sticky trap for scolytid beetles, consists of a series of vertically aligned funnels with a collecting jar at the bottom. The trap compared favorably with sticky traps and Scandinavian drainpipe traps for three species of ambrosia beetles and the mountain pine beetle. Minimum maintenance required for this trap allows for high efficiency in pheromone-based research, survey, and mass trapping of scolytid beetles.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Subject Editor
                Journal
                J Econ Entomol
                J Econ Entomol
                jee
                Journal of Economic Entomology
                Oxford University Press (US )
                0022-0493
                1938-291X
                August 2024
                02 June 2024
                02 June 2024
                : 117
                : 4 , Special Collection: Insects as Feed and Fertilizer: Sustainable Solutions for Food Waste and Animal Production Practices
                : 1545-1552
                Affiliations
                Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton, NB, Canada
                Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre , Fredericton, NB, Canada
                Faculty of Environment, University of Northern British Columbia , Prince George, BC, Canada
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4040-7708
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6495-1759
                Article
                toae125
                10.1093/jee/toae125
                11318626
                38824447
                50f19217-fbf2-4662-891f-aa66b9657476
                © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 19 March 2024
                : 01 May 2024
                : 27 May 2024
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: Canadian Forest Service Operating Funds;
                Categories
                Forest Entomology
                Forest Entomology
                AcademicSubjects/SCI01382

                bark beetles,semiochemicals,new attractive lure,regional variation,dendroctonus simplex,thanasimus dubius

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