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      A model and the behavioral implications of the calculus of consent: The dilemma of public choice before public choice

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      PLoS ONE
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          Abstract

          The choice of a group decision-making rule is one of the most important political issues. Buchanan and Tullock have provided a framework for analyzing the optimal k-majority rule from the perspective of “methodological individualism.” They proposed the concept of “external costs” and “decision costs” and argued that the optimal k-majority rule takes place where the sum of these two costs–“total costs”–is minimized. Despite the fact that the approach is widely accepted as a tool for dealing with public decision-making rules, the study of formalizing these two costs in a quantitative manner has been relatively rare. We propose a systematic way of modeling these costs considering the assumptions mentioned by Buchanan and Tullock. We find that the resulting shape of the graphs is generally similar to that of the Buchanan-Tullock model, except for some minor details. Then, using this analytical model, we investigate several factors that could affect Buchanan-Tullock’s two costs and the optimal k-majority rule. We show that “clustering of disadvantages” (social factor) and “loss aversion” (personal factor) could increase external costs in Buchanan-Tullock’s model. These factors can result in a separation between the theoretical and actual optimal k-majority rules. Meanwhile, some recent developments in information and communication technologies can not only decrease decision costs, but also increase the same costs simultaneously through amplified “group polarization” (technological factor). If the effect of the former is not the same as that of the latter, this leads to a difference in optimal k-majority rules as well. These discrepancies bring us to the dilemma of “public choice before public choice.”

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          Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty

          Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297-323
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            The Law of Group Polarization

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              Echo Chamber or Public Sphere? Predicting Political Orientation and Measuring Political Homophily in Twitter Using Big Data

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                15 December 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 12
                : e0243728
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
                [2 ] Department of School of Law, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
                Baylor University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1732-3418
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0199-4337
                Article
                PONE-D-20-03023
                10.1371/journal.pone.0243728
                7737983
                33320869
                5cb23072-ff8e-4558-b5bc-7694a77fd2d0
                © 2020 Kim, Park

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 4 February 2020
                : 29 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 0, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Minjung Kim was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF; https://www.nrf.re.kr/) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) Grant No.2017R1A2B2005957, and No.2019R1A2C2089463. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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