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      Vegetarian dietary guidelines: a comparative dietetic and communicational analysis of eleven international pictorial representations Translated title: Guías alimentarias vegetarianas: análisis comparativo dietético y comunicacional de once representaciones gráficas internacionales

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to analyze the main pictorial representations of food-based vegetarian dietary guidelines from different countries as a starting point to design a new guide for this specific population in Spain. Material and Methods: Searching in evidence-based databases and webs. Associations of dieticians and nutritionists, research groups, universities, and private entities endorsed by nutritionists were chosen. Format, target population, type and number of dietetic (as food grouping, servings, quantities), nutritional and lifestyle messages were compared. Messages’ content and visual aspects, their position in the illustrations and their esthetic style were also analyzed. Results: Eleven healthy eating guidelines with illustration for the vegetarian population worldwide were selected. Most of the graphics were intended for vegans and vegetarians; eight of them were pyramids, two were plates and one food shelving. Five food groups were always present: vegetables, fruits, cereals and derivative products, pulses and soybean products, and nuts. Messages about physical activity were present in four of them and vitamin B12 supplementation in five. One of the illustrations contained a message about environmental sustainability; most of them (7 out of 11) reached up to fourteen dietetic and nutritional messages and more than 45 food, supplements and lifestyle icons. None has a hypertext or use digital tools in the online version. Conclusions: There are differences in the position and composition of food grouping in vegetarian food guide illustrations. The main recommendation to consume grains, vegetables, fruits, pulses, soybean products and nuts daily was consistent in all the illustrations included. There is a need for more information on quantities and servings, foods rich in calcium or omega-3, vitamin B12 supplementation and environmental sustainability. Adding recommendations about the consumption of iodized salt would be important in the Spanish context.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: El objetivo fue analizar las principales ilustraciones de las guías alimentarias para vegetarianos de diferentes países para diseñar una nueva en España. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos y sitios web basados en la evidencia. Se eligieron asociaciones de dietistas y nutricionistas, grupos de investigación, universidades y entidades privadas respaldadas por nutricionistas. Se compararon el formato de las ilustraciones, su población objetivo, tipología y número de mensajes dietéticos (grupos de alimentos, porciones, cantidades), mensajes nutricionales y mensajes sobre el estilo de vida. Se analizaron el contenido y los aspectos visuales de los mensajes, su posición en las ilustraciones y su estilo estético. Resultados: Se seleccionaron once guías de alimentación saludable con ilustración para la población vegetariana. La mayoría estaba destinada a veganos y vegetarianos, ocho eran pirámides, dos platos y una estantería de alimentos. Todas mostraban cinco grupos: hortalizas, frutas, cereales y productos derivados, legumbres (incluyendo derivados de la soja) y frutos secos. Cuatro contenían mensajes sobre actividad física y cinco sobre suplementación con vitamina B12. Una contenía un mensaje sobre sostenibilidad ambiental, la mayoría (7 de 11) contenía al menos catorce mensajes dietéticos y nutricionales y más de 45 iconos de alimentos, suplementos e imágenes sobre estilo de vida. Ninguna tenía hipertextos o utilizaba herramientas digitales en su versión en línea. Conclusiones: Hay diferencias en la posición y composición de los grupos de alimentos en las ilustraciones de las guías de alimentos para vegetarianos. La recomendación principal de consumir cereales, hortalizas, frutas, legumbres, productos derivados de la soja y frutos secos diariamente fue consistente. La mayoría debería incluir información más precisa sobre cantidades y porciones, alimentos ricos en calcio u omega-3, suplementación con vitamina B12 y sobre sostenibilidad ambiental. En el contexto español, sería importante agregar recomendaciones sobre el consumo de sal yodada.

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          Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews.

          The health benefits of physical activity and exercise are clear; virtually everyone can benefit from becoming more physically active. Most international guidelines recommend a goal of 150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity. Many agencies have translated these recommendations to indicate that this volume of activity is the minimum required for health benefits. However, recent evidence has challenged this threshold-centered messaging as it may not be evidence-based and may create an unnecessary barrier to those who might benefit greatly from simply becoming more active. This systematic review evaluates recent systematic reviews that have examined the relationship between physical activity and health status.
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            Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK

            The production of animal-based foods is associated with higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than plant-based foods. The objective of this study was to estimate the difference in dietary GHG emissions between self-selected meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Subjects were participants in the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. The diets of 2,041 vegans, 15,751 vegetarians, 8,123 fish-eaters and 29,589 meat-eaters aged 20–79 were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Comparable GHG emissions parameters were developed for the underlying food codes using a dataset of GHG emissions for 94 food commodities in the UK, with a weighting for the global warming potential of each component gas. The average GHG emissions associated with a standard 2,000 kcal diet were estimated for all subjects. ANOVA was used to estimate average dietary GHG emissions by diet group adjusted for sex and age. The age-and-sex-adjusted mean (95 % confidence interval) GHG emissions in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents per day (kgCO2e/day) were 7.19 (7.16, 7.22) for high meat-eaters ( > = 100 g/d), 5.63 (5.61, 5.65) for medium meat-eaters (50-99 g/d), 4.67 (4.65, 4.70) for low meat-eaters ( < 50 g/d), 3.91 (3.88, 3.94) for fish-eaters, 3.81 (3.79, 3.83) for vegetarians and 2.89 (2.83, 2.94) for vegans. In conclusion, dietary GHG emissions in self-selected meat-eaters are approximately twice as high as those in vegans. It is likely that reductions in meat consumption would lead to reductions in dietary GHG emissions.
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              Sustainability of plant-based diets: back to the future.

              Plant-based diets in comparison to diets rich in animal products are more sustainable because they use many fewer natural resources and are less taxing on the environment. Given the global population explosion and increase in wealth, there is an increased demand for foods of animal origin. Environmental data are rapidly accumulating on the unsustainability of current worldwide food consumption practices that are high in meat and dairy products. Natural nonrenewable resources are becoming scarce, and environmental degradation is rapidly increasing. At the current trends of food consumption and environmental changes, food security and food sustainability are on a collision course. Changing course (to avoid the collision) will require extreme downward shifts in meat and dairy consumption by large segments of the world's population. Other approaches such as food waste reduction and precision agriculture and/or other technological advances have to be simultaneously pursued; however, they are insufficient to make the global food system sustainable. For millennia, meatless diets have been advocated on the basis of values, and large segments of the world population have thrived on plant-based diets. "Going back" to plant-based diets worldwide seems to be a reasonable alternative for a sustainable future. Policies in favor of the global adoption of plant-based diets will simultaneously optimize the food supply, health, environmental, and social justice outcomes for the world's population. Implementing such nutrition policy is perhaps one of the most rational and moral paths for a sustainable future of the human race and other living creatures of the biosphere that we share. © 2014 American Society for Nutrition.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                renhyd
                Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética
                Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet
                Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                2173-1292
                2174-5145
                June 2020
                : 24
                : 2
                : 120-132
                Affiliations
                [1] Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Abat Oliba CEU orgdiv1CEU Escuela Internacional de Doctorado España
                [2] Cerdanyola del Vallès orgnameUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación orgdiv2Departamento de Publicidad, Relaciones Públicas y Comunicación Audiovisual España
                Article
                S2174-51452020000200005 S2174-5145(20)02400200005
                10.14306/renhyd.24.2.953
                669f3793-abe1-4301-8226-b0afa2bb7e1a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 October 2019
                : 08 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 42, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Investigations

                Food-Based Dietary Guidelines,Dietary Guidelines,Nutrition Policy,Portion Size,Serving Size,Diet, Vegan,Diet, Vegetarian,Guías Alimentarias Basadas en Alimentos,Guías Alimentarias,Política Nutricional,Tamaño de la Porción,Tamaño de la Porción de Referencia,Dieta Vegana,Dieta Vegetariana

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