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      Evaluación de las infiltraciones al sistema de drenaje mediante análisis comparativo de la concentración de contaminantes en agua residual: Caso de estudio en Tepic, México Translated title: Assessment of infiltrations to the sewer by comparison of pollutant concentrations on wastewater: Case study in Tepic, Mexico

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          Abstract

          La infiltración de agua pluvial o agua subterránea al sistema de drenaje urbano es un fenómeno que puede afectar negativamente la capacidad conductiva de la red de drenaje por el aumento de volumen que genera. También puede propiciar cambios en la composición química del agua residual que ésta transporta por la dilución de sus componentes en un mayor volumen de agua. Las consecuencias en caso extremo tienen costos técnicos y económicos que incluyen por ejemplo el desbordamiento de las tuberías y problemas en la operación de las plantas de tratamiento. También es posible un incremento en la emisión de contaminantes sin tratamiento previo hacia el ambiente. La infiltración de agua al sistema de drenaje se determina convencionalmente mediante mediciones del flujo total en las tuberías que son comparadas con la cantidad de agua residual generada. La diferencia entre estos dos valores es igual al volumen total de agua de infiltración. Sin embargo, esta estrategia se vuelve impracticable cuando se desconoce la cantidad real de agua residual generada por falta de medidores de consumo o de medidores de flujo en las descargas, tal como en la ciudad de Tepic, Nayarit (México). El presente estudio evalúa la infiltración en las tuberías del drenaje doméstico de la ciudad de Tepic en temporada de lluvia mediante una estrategia alternativa basada en la comparación de las concentraciones teóricas y reales de nitrógeno y fósforo en muestras de agua residual. Los resultados obtenidos indican que existe una dilución significativa de los contaminantes causada potencialmente por infiltraciones al drenaje. El factor de dilución del agua residual calculado en este estudio para diferentes puntos y días de muestreo fluctúa entre 30 y 500 % siendo los valores en su mayoría mayores al 50 %. Estos valores representan un problema potencial para la red sanitaria y para la eficiencia del tratamiento del agua residual en la ciudad que requiere medidas preventivas o correctivas en el sistema.

          Translated abstract

          The infiltration of rain or groundwater into the sewer systems can negatively affect the hydraulic capacity of the sewer network as a consequence of the increment of the total volume of water. Furthermore, the composition of the wastewater in the pipelines may also be affected due to the dilution of its components in a larger volume. These effects may lead to important technical problems with an inherent economic cost. For instance, the overflow of the drain lines, operational problems at the wastewater treatment facilities, and an increase of pollutant emissions to the environment due to the lack of treatment. The evaluation of sewer infiltrations is a key factor in order to counteract these potential problems by means of preventive or corrective measures. Conventionally, the infiltration is assessed as the difference between the total flow of generated wastewater and the actual water flow in the pipelines. This strategy is not feasible when there are not flow measurement devices at the consumption or at the discharge points. This is the case in the city of Tepic, Nayarit in Mexico. In the present study, an alternative approach was used to evaluate the infiltrations into the domestic sewer in the city of Tepic during the rainy season. This approach is based on a comparative analysis of theoretical and measured nitrogen and phosphorus content in wastewater samples from the sewer. Evidence of high infiltration into the sewer was found. The dilution factor calculated for the wastewater at different locations and sampling days ranges from 30 to 500 %, indicating a potential problem for the sewer network and for the efficiency in the wastewater treatment.

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          Most cited references30

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          Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater

          "The Twenty-First Edition has continued the trend to revise methods as issues are identified and contains further refined quality assurance requirements in a number of Parts [sic] and new data on precision and bias. New methods have been added in Parts 2000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, and 9000, and numerous methods have been revised. Details of these changes appear on the reverse of the title page for each part."--Pref. p. iv.
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            Wastewater engineering : treatment and reuse

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              Domestic source of phosphorus to sewage treatment works.

              Phosphorus is an element essential for life. Concerns regarding long-term security of supply and issues related to eutrophication of surface waters once released into the aquatic environment have led governments to consider and apply measures for reducing the use and discharge of phosphorus. Examples of source control include legislation to reduce phosphorus use in domestic detergents. This research shows that other domestic sources of phosphorus also contribute significantly to the domestic load to sewer and that overall, domestic sources dominate loads to sewage treatment works. Estimates provided here show that although the natural diet contributes 40% of the domestic phosphorus load, other potentially preventable sources contribute significantly to the estimated 44,000 tonnes of phosphorus entering UK sewage treatment works each year. In the UK, food additives are estimated to contribute 29% of the domestic load; automatic dishwashing detergents contribute 9% and potentially increasing; domestic laundry 14%, including contributions from phosphonates, but decreasing; phosphorus dosing to reduce lead levels in tap water 6%; food waste disposed of down the drain 1%; and personal care products 1%. Although UK data is presented here, it is anticipated that similar impacts would be expected for other developed economies. Consideration of alternatives to all preventable sources of phosphorus from these sources would therefore offer potentially significant reductions in phosphorus loads to sewage treatment works and hence to the aquatic environment. Combining all source control measures and applying them to their maximum extent could potentially lead to the prevention of over 22,000 tonnes-P/year entering sewage treatment works.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rica
                Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental
                Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient
                Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                0188-4999
                2015
                : 31
                : 1
                : 89-98
                Affiliations
                [01] Hamburgo orgnameHamburg University of Technology orgdiv1Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection Alemania gabriela.espinosa@ 123456tuhh.de
                [02] Tepic Nayarit orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nayarit orgdiv1Área de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías México
                Article
                S0188-49992015000100007 S0188-4999(15)03100100007
                7142fb2e-d820-490b-be9b-1eeadeb6799f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : December 2013
                : September 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Mexico


                gestión de agua residual,urban drainage system,rain,dilution,nitrogen,phosphorus,sampling,wastewater management,red de alcantarillado,lluvia,dilución,nitrógeno,fósforo,muestreo

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