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      SIAH1 facilitates the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells through promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of RECK

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          Abstract

          Siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (SIAH1) has been reported to participate in the development of several human cancers, including gastric cancer. However, the effect and mechanism of SIAH1 on the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells need be further explored. Here, we first analyzed the clinical value of SIAH1 in gastric cancer, and found that SIAH1 was up-regulated in gastric cancer and associated with a poor prognosis. In addition, silencing of SIAH1 significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells through inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), while overexpression of SIAH1 had the opposite effect. Molecularly, we provided the evidence that reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) was a potential substrate of SIAH1. We determined that SIAH1 could destabilize RECK through promoting its ubiquitination and degradation via proteasome pathway. We also found RECK was involved in SIAH1-regulated gastric cancer cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, SIAH1 is up-regulated in gastric cancer, which promotes the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells through regulating RECK-MMP9 pathway.

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          Gastric cancer

          Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer death globally. Risk factors for the condition include Helicobacter pylori infection, age, high salt intake, and diets low in fruit and vegetables. Gastric cancer is diagnosed histologically after endoscopic biopsy and staged using CT, endoscopic ultrasound, PET, and laparoscopy. It is a molecularly and phenotypically highly heterogeneous disease. The main treatment for early gastric cancer is endoscopic resection. Non-early operable gastric cancer is treated with surgery, which should include D2 lymphadenectomy (including lymph node stations in the perigastric mesentery and along the celiac arterial branches). Perioperative or adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in patients with stage 1B or higher cancers. Advanced gastric cancer is treated with sequential lines of chemotherapy, starting with a platinum and fluoropyrimidine doublet in the first line; median survival is less than 1 year. Targeted therapies licensed to treat gastric cancer include trastuzumab (HER2-positive patients first line), ramucirumab (anti-angiogenic second line), and nivolumab or pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1 third line).
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            RECK--a newly discovered inhibitor of metastasis with prognostic significance in multiple forms of cancer.

            The RECK (reversion-inducing cysteine rich protein with Kazal motifs) protein was initially discovered by its ability to induce reversion in ras-activated fibroblasts. The key action of RECK is to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and angiogenesis-namely MMP-2, MMP-9 and MTP-1. To this effect, it plays important physiological roles in embryogenesis and vasculogenesis. Additionally, it has a significant effect on tumorigenesis by limiting angiogenesis and invasion of tumours through the ECM. RECK has been studied in the context of a number of human tumours including colorectal, breast, pancreas, gastric, hepatocellular, prostate, and non-small cell lung carcinoma. In many of these tumours, RECK is down-regulated most likely as a result of inhibition at the Sp1 promoter site. MMP-2 and MMP-9 generally show an inverse association with RECK expression, but there are exceptions to this rule. Likewise, a reduction in tumour microvascular density (MVD) and VEGF have also been correlated with increased RECK levels, although more studies are required to define this effect. The predominant finding across all human tumour studies is a significantly improved prognosis (due to decreased invasion and metastasis) in tumours with preserved RECK expression. Although further research is required, RECK is a promising prognostic marker and potential therapeutic agent in multiple cancers.
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              Artificial intelligence in gastric cancer: Application and future perspectives

              Gastric cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality across the globe, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 40%. In recent years, several applications of artificial intelligence (AI) have emerged in the gastric cancer field based on its efficient computational power and learning capacities, such as image-based diagnosis and prognosis prediction. AI-assisted diagnosis includes pathology, endoscopy, and computerized tomography, while researchers in the prognosis circle focus on recurrence, metastasis, and survival prediction. In this review, a comprehensive literature search was performed on articles published up to April 2020 from the databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Thereby the current status of AI-applications was systematically summarized in gastric cancer. Moreover, future directions that target this field were also analyzed to overcome the risk of overfitting AI models and enhance their accuracy as well as the applicability in clinical practice.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Heliyon
                Heliyon
                Heliyon
                Elsevier
                2405-8440
                07 June 2024
                15 June 2024
                07 June 2024
                : 10
                : 11
                : e32676
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Medicine, Southeast University, China
                [b ]Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, China
                [c ]Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Gaochun People's Hospital, China
                [d ]Department of Pathology, Nanjing Gaochun People's Hospital, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China. lijunshenghd@ 123456163.com
                [1]

                Xiaohua Zhou and Fuping Gao contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                S2405-8440(24)08707-3 e32676
                10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32676
                11219971
                38961977
                7d800664-4ac7-4215-9bc3-a3434dbba837
                © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

                History
                : 7 November 2023
                : 6 June 2024
                : 6 June 2024
                Categories
                Research Article

                gastric cancer,siah1,reck,ubiquitination,migration,invasion
                gastric cancer, siah1, reck, ubiquitination, migration, invasion

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