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      Touching at a Distance: Digital Intimacies, Haptic Platforms, and the Ethics of Consent

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          Abstract

          The last decade has seen rise in technologies that allow humans to send and receive intimate touch across long distances. Drawing together platform studies, digital intimacy studies, phenomenology of touch, and ethics of technology, we argue that these new haptic communication devices require specific ethical consideration of consent. The paper describes several technologies, including Kiiroo teledildonics, the Kissenger, the Apple Watch, and Hey Bracelet, highlighting how the sense of touch is used in marketing to evoke a feeling of connection within the digital sphere. We then discuss the ambiguity of skin-to-skin touch and how it is further complicated in digital touch by remediation through platforms, companies, developers, manufacturers, cloud storage sites, the collection and use of data, research, satellites, and the internet. Lastly, we raise concerns about how consent of data collection and physical consent between users will be determined, draw on examples in virtual reality and sex-robotics, and ultimately arguing for further interdisciplinary research into this area.

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          An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness

          Social isolation and loneliness have been associated with ill health and are common in the developed world. A clear understanding of their implications for morbidity and mortality is needed to gauge the extent of the associated public health challenge and the potential benefit of intervention.
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              This study examined the relationship between loneliness, health, and mortality using a U.S. nationally representative sample of 2101 adults aged 50 years and over from the 2002 to 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We estimated the effect of loneliness at one point on mortality over the subsequent six years, and investigated social relationships, health behaviors, and health outcomes as potential mechanisms through which loneliness affects mortality risk among older Americans. We operationalized health outcomes as depressive symptoms, self-rated health, and functional limitations, and we conceptualized the relationships between loneliness and each health outcome as reciprocal and dynamic. We found that feelings of loneliness were associated with increased mortality risk over a 6-year period, and that this effect was not explained by social relationships or health behaviors but was modestly explained by health outcomes. In cross-lagged panel models that tested the reciprocal prospective effects of loneliness and health, loneliness both affected and was affected by depressive symptoms and functional limitations over time, and had marginal effects on later self-rated health. These population-based data contribute to a growing literature indicating that loneliness is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality and point to potential mechanisms through which this process works. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                m.j.ley@tudelft.nl
                nrambukkana@wlu.ca
                Journal
                Sci Eng Ethics
                Sci Eng Ethics
                Science and Engineering Ethics
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                1353-3452
                1471-5546
                21 September 2021
                21 September 2021
                2021
                : 27
                : 5
                : 63
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.5292.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2097 4740, Ethics/Philosophy Section, Department of Values, Technology and Innovation, Faculty of Technology, Management and Policy, , Delft University of Technology, ; Delft, Netherlands
                [2 ]GRID grid.268252.9, ISNI 0000 0001 1958 9263, Communication Studies, Faculty of Arts, , Wilfrid Laurier University, ; Waterloo, Canada
                Article
                338
                10.1007/s11948-021-00338-1
                8454010
                34546467
                83daedbb-594f-4060-9894-6c4ad19e77c8
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 7 December 2020
                : 18 August 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000155, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada;
                Award ID: 430-2018-00073
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Original Research/Scholarship
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Nature B.V. 2021

                Ethics
                ethics of technology,haptics,digital intimacy,platform studies,communication technologies,teledildonics

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