21
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Development, testing and generalizability of a standardized evaluation form for the assessment of patient-directed reports in the new final medical licensing examination in Germany Translated title: Entwicklung, Testung und Generalisierbarkeit eines standardisierten Bewertungsbogens zur Beurteilung von patientenverständlichen Berichten im künftigen abschließenden Staatsexamen des Medizinstudiums in Deutschland

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background: As doctors often fail to explain diagnoses and therapies to patients in an understandable and appropriate way, the improvement of doctor-patient communication is essential. The current medical training and examinations are focused on verbal rather than on written communication. Following the premise of “assessment drives learning”, the final medical licensing examination in Germany has been further developed by the German National Institute for state examinations in Medicine, Pharmacy and Psychotherapy (IMPP). As part of the discharge management the candidates have to prepare a report for the patient that is understandable and provides them with all important information about their stay in hospital.

          Aim: A standardized evaluation form for formative and summative feedback has been developed and tested with regard to applicability and the assurance of test quality criteria, especially the reliability to assess the written communication skills of the students.

          Methodology: In an expert consensus procedure, a draft for a standardized evaluation form was developed. This form was revised after an initial trial run on patient-directed reports written by students in their last year of medical studies. Afterwards twenty-one patient-directed reports were evaluated by fourteen different examiners. The reliability was tested by calculating the generalizability-coefficient and by analysing the inter-rater reliability.

          Results: The first test on the evaluation of the patient-directed reports indicated the practicability of the application and the usefulness of the evaluation form as an instrument for assessing the written communication skills of students. The analyses of the inter-rater reliability showed that the degree of agreement in the evaluations was partly different between two groups of examiners. The calculated G-coefficient indicates a high reliability. The content validity of the evaluation form was given through the comprehensive medical expertise in the development process.

          Conclusion: Assessing written patient-directed communication is a benefit of the newly developed last part of the medical licensing examination in Germany. Continuous formative assessment and feedback based on the evaluation form is intended to improve the written communication skills of future doctors. Furthermore, a better understanding of their diagnosis and treatment as well as a trusting relationship with their doctor may empower patients in the medical decision process and lead to fewer dismissal errors in the future. For consistent use of the evaluation form a standardized training of examiners should be implemented.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund: Ärzt*innen erklären ihren Patient*innen Diagnosen und Therapien oft nicht ausreichend verständlich und nachvollziehbar. Eine Verbesserung der Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation ist daher dringend geboten. Die derzeitige medizinische Ausbildung inkl. der Prüfungen konzentriert sich auf die Vermittlung von Kompetenzen in der mündlichen Kommunikation, während die schriftliche Kommunikation mit Patient*innen bislang nur wenig Beachtung findet.

          Zur optimalen Vorbereitung der Medizinstudierenden auf den Berufsstart wurde das abschließende Staatsexamen des Medizinstudiums in Deutschland vom Institut für medizinische und pharmazeutische Prüfungsfragen im Sinne von „Assessment drives learning“ neugestaltet. Künftig sollen die Prüflinge als Teil des Entlassmanagements einen Bericht für die Patient*innen erstellen, der diesen in patientenverständlicher Sprache alle relevanten Informationen über ihren Krankenhausaufenthalt zugänglich macht.

          Zielsetzung: Hierfür wurde ein standardisierter Bewertungsbogen entwickelt. Mit diesem kann ein formatives und summatives Feedback zu den Kompetenzen in schriftlicher Kommunikation gegeben werden. Die Anwendbarkeit dieses Bogens sowie die Testgütekriterien, insbesondere die Reliabilität, wurden getestet.

          Methodik: In einem Expertenkonsensusverfahren wurde ein erster Entwurf dieses Bewertungsbogens entwickelt. Dieser Bogen wurde nach einem ersten Probelauf mit patientenverständlichen Berichten, die von Studierenden im letzten Jahr ihres Medizinstudiums verfasst wurden, überarbeitet. Anschließend wurden 21 patientenverständliche Berichte von 14 verschiedenen Prüfenden bewertet. Die Reliabilität wurde durch die Berechnung des Generalisierungskoeffizienten und durch die Analyse der Inter-Rater-Reliabilität getestet.

          Ergebnisse: Im Rahmen der ersten Testung der Bewertung von patientenverständlichen Berichten konnte die Praktikabilität und der Nutzen des Bewertungsbogens als Instrument zur Beurteilung der spezifischen schriftlichen Kommunikationsfähigkeiten von Studierenden festgestellt werden. Die Analysen der Inter-Rater-Reliabilität zeigten, dass sich der Grad der Übereinstimmung in den Bewertungen je nach Vorkenntnissen der Prüfenden im Bereich der patientenverständlichen Kommunikation teilweise unterschied. Der berechnete G-Koeffizient weist auf eine hohe Reliabilität des Bewertungsbogens hin. Die inhaltliche Validität des Bewertungsbogens konnte durch die umfassende medizinische Expertise im Entwicklungsprozess sichergestellt werden.

          Schlussfolgerung: Die Bewertung der Kommunikation mit Patient*innen als Teil der neu entwickelten Prüfung am Patienten oder an der Patientin bedeutet einen Zugewinn für die medizinische Ausbildung. Regelmäßige formative Prüfungen und Feedback anhand des Bewertungsbogens können im Laufe des Studiums eingesetzt werden, um die schriftlichen Kommunikationskompetenzen künftiger Ärzt*innen zu verbessern. Darüber hinaus ist zu erwarten, dass das Verstehen von Diagnosen und Therapien sowie eine vertrauensvolle Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung Patient*innen zu mehr Teilhabe am medizinischen Entscheidungsprozess befähigt. Dies könnte künftig auch Entlassungsfehlern vorbeugen. Für den einheitlichen Gebrauch des Bewertungsbogens ist die Implementierung standardisierter Prüferschulungen erforderlich.

          Related collections

          Most cited references39

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians: implications for patient safety and continuity of care.

          Delayed or inaccurate communication between hospital-based and primary care physicians at hospital discharge may negatively affect continuity of care and contribute to adverse events. To characterize the prevalence of deficits in communication and information transfer at hospital discharge and to identify interventions to improve this process. MEDLINE (through November 2006), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and hand search of article bibliographies. Observational studies investigating communication and information transfer at hospital discharge (n = 55) and controlled studies evaluating the efficacy of interventions to improve information transfer (n = 18). Data from observational studies were extracted on the availability, timeliness, content, and format of discharge communications, as well as primary care physician satisfaction. Results of interventions were summarized by their effect on timeliness, accuracy, completeness, and overall quality of the information transfer. Direct communication between hospital physicians and primary care physicians occurred infrequently (3%-20%). The availability of a discharge summary at the first postdischarge visit was low (12%-34%) and remained poor at 4 weeks (51%-77%), affecting the quality of care in approximately 25% of follow-up visits and contributing to primary care physician dissatisfaction. Discharge summaries often lacked important information such as diagnostic test results (missing from 33%-63%), treatment or hospital course (7%-22%), discharge medications (2%-40%), test results pending at discharge (65%), patient or family counseling (90%-92%), and follow-up plans (2%-43%). Several interventions, including computer-generated discharge summaries and using patients as couriers, shortened the delivery time of discharge communications. Use of standardized formats to highlight the most pertinent information improved the perceived quality of documents. Deficits in communication and information transfer at hospital discharge are common and may adversely affect patient care. Interventions such as computer-generated summaries and standardized formats may facilitate more timely transfer of pertinent patient information to primary care physicians and make discharge summaries more consistently available during follow-up care.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: not found
            • Article: not found

            Managing Delphi Surveys Using Nonparametric Statistical Techniques

              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              A model for programmatic assessment fit for purpose.

              We propose a model for programmatic assessment in action, which simultaneously optimises assessment for learning and assessment for decision making about learner progress. This model is based on a set of assessment principles that are interpreted from empirical research. It specifies cycles of training, assessment and learner support activities that are complemented by intermediate and final moments of evaluation on aggregated assessment data points. A key principle is that individual data points are maximised for learning and feedback value, whereas high-stake decisions are based on the aggregation of many data points. Expert judgement plays an important role in the programme. Fundamental is the notion of sampling and bias reduction to deal with the inevitable subjectivity of this type of judgement. Bias reduction is further sought in procedural assessment strategies derived from criteria for qualitative research. We discuss a number of challenges and opportunities around the proposed model. One of its prime virtues is that it enables assessment to move, beyond the dominant psychometric discourse with its focus on individual instruments, towards a systems approach to assessment design underpinned by empirically grounded theory.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS Journal for Medical Education
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2366-5017
                15 March 2021
                2021
                : 38
                : 3 , Communicative and Social Competencies/Kommunikative und soziale Kompetenzen
                : Doc71
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institut für medizinische und pharmazeutische Prüfungsfragen (IMPP), Mainz, Germany
                [2 ]Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Heidelberg, Germany
                [3 ]"Was hab' ich?" gGmbH, Dresden, Germany
                [4 ]SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Psychiatry, New York, USA
                [5 ]University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Illinois, USA
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Lena Selgert, Institut für medizinische und pharmazeutische Prüfungsfragen (IMPP), Postfach 2518, D-55015 Mainz, Germany, E-mail: LSelgert@ 123456impp.de
                Article
                zma001467 Doc71 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0014672
                10.3205/zma001467
                7994883
                9142c8b6-917a-4e83-88ab-a749f360980f
                Copyright © 2021 Selgert et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 31 March 2020
                : 21 September 2020
                : 10 August 2020
                Categories
                Article

                communication,education,patient participation
                communication, education, patient participation

                Comments

                Comment on this article