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      The pleasurable urge to move to music is unchanged in people with musical anhedonia

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          Abstract

          In cognitive science, the sensation of “groove” has been defined as the pleasurable urge to move to music. When listeners rate rhythmic stimuli on derived pleasure and urge to move, ratings on these dimensions are highly correlated. However, recent behavioural and brain imaging work has shown that these two components may be separable. To examine this potential separability, our study investigates the sensation of groove in people with specific musical anhedonia. Individuals with musical anhedonia have a blunted ability to derive pleasure from music but can still derive pleasure from other domains (e.g., sex and food). People with musical anhedonia were identified as those with scores in the lower 10% of scores on the Barcelona Musical Reward Questionnaire, but who had no deficits in music perception, no symptoms of depression, average levels of physical and social anhedonia, and sensitivity to punishment and reward. We predicted that if the two components of groove are separable, individuals with musical anhedonia would experience lower levels of derived pleasure but have comparable ratings of wanting to move compared to controls. Groove responses were measured in an online study (N = 148) using a set of experimenter-generated musical stimuli varying in rhythmic and harmonic complexity, which were validated in several previous studies. Surprisingly, we found no significant differences in groove response between individuals with musical anhedonia (n = 17) and a matched control group (n = 17). Mediation analyses for the anhedonia sample found that wanting to move ratings fully mediated the effect of rhythmic and harmonic complexity on pleasure ratings. Taken together, these results indicate that the urge to move may compensate for the blunted pleasure sensation in those with musical anhedonia. More generally, these results suggest that the urge to move is a primary source of pleasure in the groove response.

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          Most cited references51

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          lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models

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            Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales.

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              Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models using lme4

              Maximum likelihood or restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of the parameters in linear mixed-effects models can be determined using the lmer function in the lme4 package for R. As for most model-fitting functions in R, the model is described in an lmer call by a formula, in this case including both fixed- and random-effects terms. The formula and data together determine a numerical representation of the model from which the profiled deviance or the profiled REML criterion can be evaluated as a function of some of the model parameters. The appropriate criterion is optimized, using one of the constrained optimization functions in R, to provide the parameter estimates. We describe the structure of the model, the steps in evaluating the profiled deviance or REML criterion, and the structure of classes or types that represents such a model. Sufficient detail is included to allow specialization of these structures by users who wish to write functions to fit specialized linear mixed models, such as models incorporating pedigrees or smoothing splines, that are not easily expressible in the formula language used by lmer. 51 pages, including R code, and an appendix
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                7 January 2025
                2025
                : 20
                : 1
                : e0312030
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
                [2 ] International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
                [3 ] Center for Research in Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
                [4 ] Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
                [5 ] Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus C, Denmark
                [6 ] Department of Psychology, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
                [7 ] University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
                Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: SDB is on the board of the BeatHealth company dedicated to the design and commercialization of technological tools for assessing rhythm capacities such as BAASTA and implementing rhythm-based interventions. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5996-1269
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5406-3109
                Article
                PONE-D-24-06715
                10.1371/journal.pone.0312030
                11706506
                39774498
                93d69d62-ae28-4bb6-94a3-d62954413edf
                © 2025 Romkey et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 21 February 2024
                : 30 September 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Pages: 17
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada;
                Award ID: NSERC 2021-04026
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada;
                Award ID: Canadian Graduate Scholarship - Masters
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003150, Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies;
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001804, Canada Research Chairs;
                Award ID: CRC in music auditory-motor skill learning and new technologies
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada;
                Award ID: RGPIN-2019-05453
                Award Recipient :
                This research was supported by a grant to VP from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC 2021-04026). IR was funded by the Canadian Graduate Scholarship - Masters by NSERC and by the Fonds de Rechereche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQ - NT). SDB and NF received funding from a Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2019-05453) from NSERC, and by the Canada Research Chair program (CRC in music auditory-motor skill learning and new technologies). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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                All data that support these findings are publicly available on the Open Science Framework at the following link: https://DOI.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/GPQEB.

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