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      Recent trends in reproductive tourism and international surrogacy: ethical considerations and challenges for policy

      article-commentary
      Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
      Dove Medical Press
      surrogacy, assisted reproduction, medical tourism, IVF, ART, gestation

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          Abstract

          Reproductive tourism, or “cross-border reproductive care”, is the phenomenon of people crossing international borders to access reproductive technologies. One of the fastest-growing categories of cross-border reproductive care is international surrogacy, the act of infertile clients traveling internationally to engage the paid services of foreign surrogates to carry their babies to term. It is a multibillion-dollar global industry presenting unique legal, ethical, and risk-management challenges. Clients tend to be price-sensitive, middle-income individuals seeking services from surrogates who in the global market are thought to be of quite low socioeconomic status. Risks are experienced by all parties involved in the transaction, including the client’s countries of origin and destination. The risks to the surrogate evolve from the potential to exploit her economic vulnerability in order to encourage both consent and unfair pricing. Opportunities for policy development are explored.

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          Most cited references52

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          Rethinking reproductive "tourism" as reproductive "exile".

          Whereas reproductive "tourism" implies leisure travel, reproductive "exile" bespeaks the numerous difficulties and constraints faced by infertile patients who are "forced" to travel globally for assisted reproduction. Given this reality, it is time to rethink the language of "reproductive tourism," replacing it with more accurate and patient-centered terms.
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            What do we know about medical tourism? A review of the literature with discussion of its implications for the UK National Health Service as an example of a public health care system.

            Medical tourism is a growing phenomenon. This review of the literature maps current knowledge and discusses findings with reference to the UK National Health Service (NHS).
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              Is Open Access

              The movement of patients across borders: challenges and opportunities for public health

              In a globalizing world, public health is no longer confined to national borders. In recent years we have observed an increasing movement of patients across international borders. The full extent of this trend is yet unknown, as data are sparse and anecdotal. If this trend continues, experts are convinced that it will have major implications for public health systems around the globe. Despite the growing importance of medical travel, we still have little empirical evidence on its impact on public health, especially on health systems. This paper summarizes the most recent debates on this topic. It discusses the main forces that drive medical travel and its implications on health systems, in particular the impacts on access to health care, financing and the health workforce. This paper also offers guidance on how to define medical travel and how to improve data collection. It advocates for more scientific research that will enable countries to harness benefits and limit the potential risks to public health arising from medical travel.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Risk Manag Healthc Policy
                Risk Manag Healthc Policy
                Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
                Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
                Dove Medical Press
                1179-1594
                2015
                17 August 2015
                : 8
                : 111-119
                Affiliations
                Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Raywat Deonandan, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 University Private – THN-208, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada, Tel +1 613 562 6800 ext 8377, Email raywat.deonandan@ 123456uottawa.ca
                Article
                rmhp-8-111
                10.2147/RMHP.S63862
                4544809
                26316832
                99878201-50a8-4a51-a592-2d3496973685
                © 2015 Deonandan. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

                The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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                Social policy & Welfare
                surrogacy,assisted reproduction,medical tourism,ivf,art,gestation
                Social policy & Welfare
                surrogacy, assisted reproduction, medical tourism, ivf, art, gestation

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