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      Diagnóstico foliar de nutrimentos de nueve especies forestales tropicales de tres pisos altitudinales en centro américa Translated title: Foliar nutrient diagnosis of nine tropical forestry species from three altitudinal belts ofcentral america.

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      Agronomía Costarricense
      Universidad de Costa Rica. Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrónomos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería
      Foliar concentration, N-P-K-Ca-Mg-S-Fe-Mn-Zn-B-Cu-Al-Na, Alnusacuminata, Cedrelaodorata, Cordiaalliodora, Gmelinaarborea, Tectonagrandis, Terminalia amazonia, Vochysiaguatemalensis, Vochysiaferruginea, Pachiraquinata, Central America, Concentración foliar, N-P-K-Ca-Mg-S-Fe-Mn-Zn-B-Cu-Al-Na, Alnusacuminata, Cedrelaodorata, Cordiaalliodora, Gmelinaarborea, Tectonagrandis, Terminalia amazonia, Vochysiaguatemalensis, Vochysiaferruginea y Pachiraquinata, Centroamérica

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción. Es poca la información sobre concentración foliar de nutrimentos en especies forestales en Centro América. Se hace necesario desarrollar conocimiento que permita manejar de manera satisfactoria la nutrición de estos cultivos. Objetivo. Definirlos niveles ''normales'' de concentración foliar al eliminar los valores atípicos fuera del rango de variación con un valor central entre el primer y tercer cuartil en histogramas de distribución de frecuencias de especies forestales. Materiales y métodos. Con material foliar de especies forestales de Costa Rica, Panamá, Guatemala, México y Colombia se confeccionó una base de datos con 3566 entradas con la que se preparó otra más pequeña para los análisis de las especies que se estudian en el presente documento, provenientes de 3 pisos altitudinales. Se calculó la mediana de valores de nutrimento para toda la población como base para determinar las desviaciones estándar y sus valores normales de concentración de N-P-K-Ca-Mg-S-Fe-Mn-Zn-B-Cu-Al-Na. Resultados. Los resultados fueron una primera aproximación sobre la concentración foliar porcentual total en función del crecimiento de 9 especies forestales en los pisos altitudinales Tropical Húmedo-Muy Húmedo (4,23-6,77%), Tropical Estacionalmente Seco (4,65-6,05%) y Premontano (5,83-9,36%). Son significativamente afectados por el piso altitudinal la concentración de Al en los pisos Tropical Húmedo-Muy Húmedo y el N en el Tropical Estacionalmente Seco. La distribución en porcentaje de las principales especies forestales estudiadas fue C. alliodora (9,36), V. guatemalensis (6,77), C. odorata (6,58), G. arborea (6,05), P. quinata (5,91), A. acuminata (5,83), V. ferruginea (4,81), T. grandis (4,65) y T. amazonia (4,23). Conclusiones. En los pisos Tropical Húmedo-Muy Húmedo la presencia de V. guatemalensis y V. ferruginea mostró elevados valores en mg.L-1 de Al (13 470-22 172)>B(112-130)>Na(401) y porcentuales de P(0,54-0,68).La especie T. amazonia presenta concentraciones porcentuales altas de P(0,59)>B(164)>Cu(46) en mg.L-1. En el bosque Tropical Estacionalmente Seco ninguna de las especies estudiadas (G. arborea, T. grandis y P. quinata) presentó concentraciones elevadas de ningún elemento de los estudiados. En el piso Premontano se encontró valores porcentuales elevados de N(3,57)>K(1,13) en A. acuminata, en C. alliodora de N(3,45)>Ca(3,29)>K(1,24)>Mg(1,02) y en C. odorata de N(3,22).

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction. Foliar nutrient concentration in forestry species of Central America is scarce. There is need to develop data to help in satisfactory handle nutrition of these crops. Objetive. To define ''normal'' foliar levels ofnutrients considered as those that after eliminating atypical values in a histogram remain in the first and third quartiles of a normal frequency distribution of data available. Materials and methods. Foliar samples of forestry species collected in Costa Rica, Panamá, Guatemala, México and Colombia were analyzed and data were used to conform a data base with 3566 entries, a subset of data was prepared to generate the information for the 9 species considered in the present document obtained from 3 altitudinal belts. Analyses performed included N-P-K-Ca-Mg-S-Fe-Mn-Zn-B-Cu-Al-Na. Results. Information presented is the first approximation about foliar total concentration of nutrients of nine forestry species in Central America growing in the Tropical Humid-Very Humid (4.23-6.77%), Tropical Seasonally Dry (4.65-6.05%) and Premontane (5.83-9.36%) altitudinal belts. Foliar concentrations of Al in the Tropical Humid-Very Humid and N in the Tropical Seasonally Dry were particularly large. The percentage of main forestry species analyzed was distributed as C. alliodora (9.36), V. guatemalensis (6.77), C. odorata (6.58), G. arborea (6.05), P. quinata (5.91), A. acuminata (5.83), V. ferruginea (4.81), T. grandis (4.65) and T. amazonia (4.23). Conclusions. The presence of V. guatemalensis and V. ferruginea in the Tropical Humid-Very Humid belts affected foliar concentrations to high values (mg.L-1) of Al (13 470-22 172)>B(112-130)>Na(401)>P(0.54-0.68%) and that of T. amazonia the concentrations of P(0.59%), B(164 mg.L-1), and Cu(46 mg.L-1). In the Tropical Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest none of the species studied (G. arborea, T. grandis and P. quinata) showed high foliar concentrations of any element. Foliar values found for N(3.57)>K(1.13) in A. acuminata, of N(3.45)>Ca(3.29)>K(1.24)>Mg(1.02) in C. alliodora, and of N(3.22) in C. odorata in the Premontane belt were considered as high.

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          Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: how and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting?

          The term "hyperaccumulator" describes a number of plants that belong to distantly related families, but share the ability to grow on metalliferous soils and to accumulate extraordinarily high amounts of heavy metals in the aerial organs, far in excess of the levels found in the majority of species, without suffering phytotoxic effects. Three basic hallmarks distinguish hyperaccumulators from related non-hyperaccumulating taxa: a strongly enhanced rate of heavy metal uptake, a faster root-to-shoot translocation and a greater ability to detoxify and sequester heavy metals in leaves. An interesting breakthrough that has emerged from comparative physiological and molecular analyses of hyperaccumulators and related non-hyperaccumulators is that most key steps of hyperaccumulation rely on different regulation and expression of genes found in both kinds of plants. In particular, a determinant role in driving the uptake, translocation to leaves and, finally, sequestration in vacuoles or cell walls of great amounts of heavy metals, is played in hyperaccumulators by constitutive overexpression of genes encoding transmembrane transporters, such as members of ZIP, HMA, MATE, YSL and MTP families. Among the hypotheses proposed to explain the function of hyperaccumulation, most evidence has supported the "elemental defence" hypothesis, which states that plants hyperaccumulate heavy metals as a defence mechanism against natural enemies, such as herbivores. According to the more recent hypothesis of "joint effects", heavy metals can operate in concert with organic defensive compounds leading to enhanced plant defence overall. Heavy metal contaminated soils pose an increasing problem to human and animal health. Using plants that hyperaccumulate specific metals in cleanup efforts appeared over the last 20 years. Metal accumulating species can be used for phytoremediation (removal of contaminant from soils) or phytomining (growing plants to harvest the metals). In addition, as many of the metals that can be hyperaccumulated are also essential nutrients, food fortification and phytoremediation might be considered two sides of the same coin. An overview of literature discussing the phytoremediation capacity of hyperaccumulators to clean up soils contaminated with heavy metals and the possibility of using these plants in phytomining is presented. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ac
                Agronomía Costarricense
                Agron. Costarricense
                Universidad de Costa Rica. Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrónomos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica )
                0377-9424
                June 2022
                : 46
                : 1
                : 25-45
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica
                [3] orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica
                [4] orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica
                [5] orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica
                [1] orgnameUniversidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica alfredo.alvarado@ 123456ucr.ac.cr
                Article
                S0377-94242022000100025 S0377-9424(22)04600100025
                10.15517/rac.v46i1.49866
                a26efc28-d183-4239-b135-8a634339670d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 September 2021
                : 27 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 109, Pages: 21
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                SciELO Costa Rica

                Categories
                Artículo

                Vochysiaguatemalensis,Terminalia amazonia,Tectonagrandis,Gmelinaarborea,Cordiaalliodora,Cedrelaodorata,Alnusacuminata,N-P-K-Ca-Mg-S-Fe-Mn-Zn-B-Cu-Al-Na,Concentración foliar,Central America,Pachiraquinata,Vochysiaferruginea,Foliar concentration,Vochysiaferruginea y Pachiraquinata,Centroamérica

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