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      Função sexual e reprodutiva em receptoras de transplante hepático Translated title: Sexual and reproductive function in female liver transplant recipients

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          Abstract

          RACIONAL: Anormalidades na função sexual e reprodutiva são comuns em pacientes com hepatopatia crônica avançada e podem ser revertidas após transplante hepático bem-sucedido. OBJETIVO: Avaliar aspectos da função sexual e reprodutiva em mulheres submetidas a transplante de fígado no Serviço de Transplante Hepático do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Entre setembro de 1991 e dezembro de 2001, 94 mulheres foram submetidas a transplante hepático. Vinte e oito delas (idade média 44,17 ± 13,60 anos) preencheram os seguintes critérios de inclusão: idade > 16 anos na época do transplante, sobrevida pós-transplante > 6 meses, estar em acompanhamento regular no Serviço na época do estudo e concordância em participar do mesmo. Os prontuários médicos foram revisados e as pacientes responderam a um questionário abordando padrão dos ciclos menstruais no pré e pós-transplante, gravidez no pós-transplante, métodos contraceptivos no pré e pós-transplante, freqüência de realização de citologia oncótica cervical no pré e pós-transplante, ocorrência de neoplasia ginecológica pós-transplante, além de questionário específico para o domínio da sexualidade no período pós-transplante. RESULTADOS: A mediana do tempo de seguimento pós-transplante das 28 pacientes foi de 36,5 meses (6-110 meses) e a principal indicação para o transplante foi cirrose associada à hepatite C (25%). Todas as pacientes apresentavam função normal do enxerto. Excluindo-se 6 pacientes em menopausa (natural ou cirúrgica), 13 das 22 pacientes (59,1%) com potencial de menstruar apresentavam amenorréia no ano anterior ao transplante. Dezenove dessas 22 pacientes (86,4%) reassumiram os ciclos menstruais após o transplante, com mediana de 1 mês pós-transplante (1 a 7 meses). Todas as pacientes com idade inferior a 45 anos voltaram a menstruar após o transplante. Quatro gestações bem-sucedidas ocorreram em três pacientes, sendo uma gestação gemelar. Cerca de 70% das transplantadas realizavam exame de citologia oncótica cervical pelo menos uma vez ao ano. Um caso de carcinoma adenoescamoso de endométrio foi identificado em uma paciente de 64 anos, 36 meses após o transplante, tratado cirurgicamente com sucesso. Cerca de 71,4% das pacientes referiram vida sexual ativa pós-transplante, sendo que 70% delas consideravam-na satisfatória. CONCLUSÕES: Após transplante hepático bem-sucedido, a maioria das mulheres em idade fértil reassumem os ciclos menstruais poucos meses após o transplante, tornando possível a ocorrência de gestações. Devido ao rápido retorno da libido e da fertilidade, as pacientes devem ser esclarecidas sobre métodos contraceptivos seguros após o transplante. A maioria das pacientes apresenta vida sexual ativa e satisfatória e realiza regularmente citologia oncótica cervical.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in sexual and reproductive functions are common in women with end-stage liver disease and may be reversible after liver transplantation. AIM: Evaluate sexual and reproductive function in female recipients of liver transplantation at the Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 1991 and December 2001 94 women underwent liver transplantation at "Hospital de Clínicas" of the Federal University of Paraná. Twenty-eight female recipients (mean age 44,17 ± 13,60 years old) fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: age > 16 years at liver transplant, post-transplant survival > 6 months, be alive and in regular follow-up at our Institution during the period of the study, and agreed to participate of the study. Medical records were reviewed and all subjects were answered by a questionnaire covering the following issues: timing and pattern of menstruation before and after transplant, sexual activity and contraceptive practices before and after transplant, pregnancy after transplant, frequency of cervical cytology and occurrence of gynecological malignant neoplasia after transplant, and aspects of sexuality domain after liver transplantation. RESULTS: The median post-transplant follow-up was 36,5 months (range, 6 to 110 months) and the main indication for liver transplantation was hepatitis C (25%). All patients had normal liver function tests. Excluding six patients who underwent hysterectomy or were in postmenopausal period, 13 of 22 women (59,1%) reported amenorrhea in the year before transplantation. After liver transplantation, 19 of 22 patients (86,4%) promptly recovered menstrual function, after a median period of 1 month (range, 1 to 7 months). Normalization of menstrual function occurred in all women with age 45 or younger. About 71,4% of 28 women were sexually active after transplantation and 70% indicated satisfaction with their relationship. Four successful pregnancies (one gemelar) occurred in three patients and five healthy live-born infants have been delivered, all full term. Most of the patients had cervical cytology at least annually in the post-transplant period. One case of endometrial carcinoma was diagnosed in a 64 year old woman, three years after transplantation and was successfully treated by panhysterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Most of female liver transplant recipients of child-bearing age recover menstrual function a few months after transplantation and successful pregnancy may occur. As libido and fertility return promptly after liver transplantation, patients should be counseled on safe contraception practices. Most of liver transplant recipients are sexually active and feel satisfied about their relationship. There is a good compliance of patients regarding screening for cervical neoplasm.

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          Most cited references26

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          Review of the course and outcome of 100 pregnancies in 84 women treated with tacrolimus.

          The increasing use of tacrolimus as a primary immunosuppressant is paralleled by a growing number of pregnancies occurring in mothers receiving tacrolimus systemically. In this retrospective analysis during 1992-1998; data sources were case reports from clinical studies, spontaneous reports from health care professionals, routine surveys by transplant registries, and the published literature. One hundred pregnancies in 84 mothers were recorded. Mean maternal age was 28 years. All except one mother (autoimmune disease) were solid organ transplant recipients (66% liver and 27% kid- ci ney). Mean time from transplantation to conception was 26 months. The mean daily dose of tacrolimus (range 11.7-12.8 mg/day) and the mean tacrolimus whole blood level (range 8.5-11.5 ng/ml) remained fairly constant from preconception through the third trimester. The most frequent maternal complications were graft rejection followed by preeclampsia, renal impairment, and infection. All cases of rejection were successfully treated with corticosteroids and did not result in graft loss. Of 100 pregnancies, 71 progressed to delivery (68 live births, 2 neonatal deaths, and 1 stillbirth), 24 were terminated (12 spontaneous and 12 induced), 2 pregnancies were ongoing, and 3 were lost to follow-up. Mean gestation period was 35 weeks with 59% deliveries being premature (<37 weeks). The birth weight (mean 2573 g) was appropriate for gestational age in 90% of cases. Most common complications in the neonate were hypoxia, hyperkalemia, and renal dysfunction. These were transient in nature. Four neonates presented with malformations, without any consistent pattern of affected organs. Pregnancy in tacrolimus-treated transplant recipients resulted in a favourable outcome. Complications of the mother and neonate were similar to those previously described with other immunosuppressants.
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            Psychosocial aspects of the organ transplant experience: what has been established and what we need for the future.

            This article briefly describes the current status and limitations of the organ transplant process that has now become a routine medical procedure. The article discusses how transplantation is not a cure for end-stage organ disease but an alternative form of treatment with both potential medical and psychosocial problems. Both transplant candidates and recipients encounter psychosocial problems. The article examines how these psychosocial problems affect transplant patients prior to transplant, immediately following surgery, and posttransplant. The psychosocial problems include psychiatric diagnoses, individual and family adjustment and relationship problems, sexual dysfunction, return-to-work (RTW) difficulties, and compliance problems and variables related to noncompliance. The article also reviews the special problems of pediatric and adolescent transplant recipients. The need for empirically supported interventions is noted in each of the problem areas. The author outlines problems with previous research studies that hamper solid interpretations of the data, and discusses literature suggesting that the psychosocial problems of transplant candidates and recipients are likely to be underreported. The article concludes with recommendations about the need to switch research efforts toward intervention studies in the problem areas already solidly identified by the literature. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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              Pregnancy after liver transplantation under tacrolimus.

              The maternal and fetal risk of pregnancy after organ transplantation under tacrolimus has not been reported. This was prospectively studied in 27 pregnancies by 21 female liver recipients who were treated with tacrolimus before and throughout gestation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ag
                Arquivos de Gastroenterologia
                Arq. Gastroenterol.
                Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas de Gastroenterologia e Outras Especialidades - IBEPEGE. (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0004-2803
                1678-4219
                March 2004
                : 41
                : 1
                : 10-17
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná orgdiv1Serviço de Transplante Hepático
                [02] orgnameHospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná orgdiv1Departamento de Tocoginecologia
                [03] orgnameHospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná orgdiv1Unidade de Informática e Estatística Médica do Departamento de Pediatria
                Article
                S0004-28032004000100003 S0004-2803(04)04100103
                a40cb215-a879-4591-ace9-2bb839235118

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 April 2003
                : 11 June 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Comportamento reprodutivo,Reproductive behavior,Sexual behavior,Transplantation tolerance,Liver transplantation,Pregnancy,Transplante de fígado,Tolerância ao transplante,Comportamento sexual,Gravidez

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