Predictive Factors of Spiritual Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multivariate Analysis

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Abstract

COVID-19 has led to the implementation of various social and sanitary measures, impacting populations’ quality of life. Aims: Documenting the spiritual quality of life (SQoL) of university employees and students in Quebec, Canada. A survey of 2,202 employees and students was conducted using health measurement tools, including the short version of the WHOQoL-SRPB. We ran a multiple linear regression to determine which variables promote the SQoL. SQoL was very low (2.92/5). Positive mental health, religion, and age are the main predictors of the SQoL. Some dimensions of spirituality contribute more than others to the respondents’ quality of life and health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener.

Kurt Kroenke, Robert L. Spitzer, Janet B. W. Williams (2003)

A number of self-administered questionnaires are available for assessing depression severity, including the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression module (PHQ-9). Because even briefer measures might be desirable for use in busy clinical settings or as part of comprehensive health questionnaires, we evaluated a 2-item version of the PHQ depression module, the PHQ-2. The PHQ-2 inquires about the frequency of depressed mood and anhedonia over the past 2 weeks, scoring each as 0 ("not at all") to 3 ("nearly every day"). The PHQ-2 was completed by 6000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-2 depression severity increased from 0 to 6, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and healthcare utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-2 score > or =3 had a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 92% for major depression. Likelihood ratio and receiver operator characteristic analysis identified a PHQ-2 score of 3 as the optimal cutpoint for screening purposes. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. The construct and criterion validity of the PHQ-2 make it an attractive measure for depression screening.

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Mental Illness and/or Mental Health? Investigating Axioms of the Complete State Model of Health.

Corey Keyes (2005)

A continuous assessment and a categorical diagnosis of the presence (i.e., flourishing) and the absence (i.e., languishing) of mental health were proposed and applied to the Midlife in the United States study data, a nationally representative sample of adults between the ages of 25 and 74 years (N = 3,032). Confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesis that measures of mental health (i.e., emotional, psychological, and social well-being) and mental illness (i.e., major depressive episode, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and alcohol dependence) constitute separate correlated unipolar dimensions. The categorical diagnosis yielded an estimate of 18.0% flourishing and, when cross-tabulated with the mental disorders, an estimate of 16.6% with complete mental health. Completely mentally healthy adults reported the fewest health limitations of activities of daily living, the fewest missed days of work, the fewest half-day work cutbacks, and the healthiest psychosocial functioning (low helplessness, clear life goals, high resilience, and high intimacy). (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved.

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Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19-related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic

Mark Shevlin, Orla McBride, Jamie Murphy … (2020)

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented global crisis, necessitating drastic changes to living conditions, social life, personal freedom and economic activity. No study has yet examined the presence of psychiatric symptoms in the UK population under similar conditions. Aims We investigated the prevalence of COVID-19-related anxiety, generalised anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms in the UK population during an early phase of the pandemic, and estimated associations with variables likely to influence these symptoms. Method Between 23 and 28 March 2020, a quota sample of 2025 UK adults aged 18 years and older, stratified by age, gender and household income, was recruited by online survey company Qualtrics. Participants completed standardised measures of depression, generalised anxiety and trauma symptoms relating to the pandemic. Bivariate and multivariate associations were calculated for demographic and health-related variables. Results Higher levels of anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms were reported compared with previous population studies, but not dramatically so. Anxiety or depression and trauma symptoms were predicted by young age, presence of children in the home, and high estimates of personal risk. Anxiety and depression were also predicted by low income, loss of income and pre-existing health conditions in self and others. Specific anxiety about COVID-19 was greater in older participants. Conclusions This study showed a modest increase in the prevalence of mental health problems in the early stages of the pandemic, and these problems were predicted by several specific COVID-related variables. Further similar surveys, particularly of those with children at home, are required as the pandemic progresses.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Jacques Cherblanc:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-5868

jcherbla@uqac.ca

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Relig Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Relig Health

Title: Journal of Religion and Health

Publisher: Springer US (New York )

ISSN (Print): 0022-4197

ISSN (Electronic): 1573-6571

Publication date (Electronic): 23 March 2021

Pages: 1-19

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.265696.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9981, Humanities and Social Sciences Department, , Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, UQAC, ; 555 Boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Saguenay, QC 1-418-545-5011 (5339) Canada

[2 ]GRID grid.265696.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9981, Humanities and Social Sciences Department, , Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, ; Saguenay, QC Canada

[3 ]GRID grid.46078.3d, ISNI 0000 0000 8644 1405, School of Social Work, Renison University College, , University of Waterloo, ; Waterloo, Canada

[4 ]GRID grid.265696.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9981, Laboratoire D’Expertise Et de Recherche en Anthropologie Rituelle Et Symbolique (Laboratory of Expertise and Research in Ritual and Symbolic Anthropology), , Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, ; Saguenay, QC Canada

[5 ]GRID grid.265704.2, ISNI 0000 0001 0665 6279, Teaching and Research Unit in Human and Social Development Sciences, , Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, ; Rouyn-Noranda, QC Canada

[6 ]GRID grid.459234.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2222 4302, École de Technologie Supérieure, ; Montreal, QC Canada

Author information

Jacques Cherblanc http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-5868

Article

Publisher ID: 1233

DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01233-6

PMC ID: 7987239

PubMed ID: 33759072

SO-VID: a63652a9-67ce-4729-9a53-e4f8d6b51e79

License:

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

History

Date accepted : 9 March 2021

Funding

Funded by: Centre intersectoriel en santé durable (CA)

Award ID: 2020

Award Recipient : Christiane Bergeron-Leclerc

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009849, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi;

Award ID: 2020

Award Recipient : Christiane Bergeron-Leclerc

Funded by: Fédération québécoise des professeures et professeurs d'université (CA)

Award ID: 2020

Award Recipient : Christiane Bergeron-Leclerc

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Predictive Factors of Spiritual Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multivariate Analysis

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Most cited references 57

The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener.

Mental Illness and/or Mental Health? Investigating Axioms of the Complete State Model of Health.

Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19-related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic

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