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      Prenatal care of Venezuelans in Colombia: migrants navigating the healthcare system

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          ABSTRACT

          OBJECTIVES

          To explore the experiences of irregular (undocumented) Venezuelan migrants in accessing prenatal health services in Colombia and to examine the economic, social, and cultural resources mobilized by them to gain access to care.

          METHODS

          Data was retrieved from the qualitative component of a multi-method research conducted with pregnant immigrants in Barranquilla, Colombia, between 2018 and 2019, and triangulated with a review of regulations established by the Ministry of Health and Social Protection.

          RESULTS

          Having limited economic capital, participants use social capital from personal networks and migrant organizations. They obtain cultural health capital in the form of information on the health system and use their cultural competencies to interact with this system.

          CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE

          Migrants exert their agency through the use of capitals, although with certain constraints. Policies aimed at this social group should consider the strengths of migrants.

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          Most cited references41

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          Three approaches to qualitative content analysis.

          Content analysis is a widely used qualitative research technique. Rather than being a single method, current applications of content analysis show three distinct approaches: conventional, directed, or summative. All three approaches are used to interpret meaning from the content of text data and, hence, adhere to the naturalistic paradigm. The major differences among the approaches are coding schemes, origins of codes, and threats to trustworthiness. In conventional content analysis, coding categories are derived directly from the text data. With a directed approach, analysis starts with a theory or relevant research findings as guidance for initial codes. A summative content analysis involves counting and comparisons, usually of keywords or content, followed by the interpretation of the underlying context. The authors delineate analytic procedures specific to each approach and techniques addressing trustworthiness with hypothetical examples drawn from the area of end-of-life care.
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            The UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: the health of a world on the move

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              Immigration as a social determinant of health.

              Although immigration and immigrant populations have become increasingly important foci in public health research and practice, a social determinants of health approach has seldom been applied in this area. Global patterns of morbidity and mortality follow inequities rooted in societal, political, and economic conditions produced and reproduced by social structures, policies, and institutions. The lack of dialogue between these two profoundly related phenomena-social determinants of health and immigration-has resulted in missed opportunities for public health research, practice, and policy work. In this article, we discuss primary frameworks used in recent public health literature on the health of immigrant populations, note gaps in this literature, and argue for a broader examination of immigration as both socially determined and a social determinant of health. We discuss priorities for future research and policy to understand more fully and respond appropriately to the health of the populations affected by this global phenomenon.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Saude Publica
                Rev Saude Publica
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo
                0034-8910
                1518-8787
                06 August 2021
                2021
                : 55
                : 49
                Affiliations
                [I ] orgnameUniversity of Massachusetts orgdiv1Department of Anthropology Amherst MA USA originalUniversity of Massachusetts. Department of Anthropology. Amherst, MA, USA
                [II ] orgnameUniversidad del Norte orgdiv1Departamento de Historia y Ciencias Sociales Barranquilla ATL Colombia original Universidad del Norte. Departamento de Historia y Ciencias Sociales. Barranquilla, ATL, Colombia
                [III ] orgnameUniversidad del Norte orgdiv1Departamento de Salud Pública Barranquilla ATL Colombia original Universidad del Norte. Departamento de Salud Pública. Barranquilla, ATL, Colombia
                [IV ] orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia orgdiv1Programa de Doctorado en Salud Pública Medellín ANT Colombia original Universidad de Antioquia. Programa de Doctorado en Salud Pública. Medellín, ANT, Colombia
                [V ] orgnameEl Colegio de la Frontera Norte orgdiv1Departamento de Estudios de Población Tijuana BC México original El Colegio de la Frontera Norte. Departamento de Estudios de Población. Tijuana, BC, México
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Ietza Bojorquez Km. 18.5 Carretera Escenica Tijuana-Ensenada 22560 San Antonio del Mar, Tijuana, BC, Mexico E-mail: ietzabch@ 123456colef.mx

                Authors’ Contributions: VG designed the qualitative study, conducted analysis, co-wrote the first version of the manuscript, and reviewed and approved the submitted version. RS conducted interviews, conducted analysis, co-wrote the first version of the manuscript, and reviewed and approved the submitted version. JAFN designed the parent study, and reviewed and approved the submitted manuscript. MLRB designed the parent study, and reviewed and approved the submitted manuscript. IB designed the qualitative study, conducted analysis, co-wrote the first version of the manuscript, and reviewed and approved the submitted version.

                Conflict of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5248-5933
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6897-3568
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8948-8481
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-6426
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1723-7269
                Article
                00243
                10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055002999
                8352561
                34406277
                ae8b80c1-0feb-47d1-b6e0-3cf8fd447e69

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 3 August 2020
                : 10 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 33
                Categories
                Original Article

                pregnant women,prenatal care,health services accessibility,social capital,transients and migrants

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