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      Study on E-Cigarettes and Pregnancy (STEP) – Results of a Mixed Methods Study on Risk Perception of E-Cigarette Use During Pregnancy Translated title: Studie zu E-Zigaretten und Schwangerschaft (STEP) – Ergebnisse aus einer Mixed-Methods-Studie zur Risikowahrnehmung der E-Zigaretten-Nutzung in der Schwangerschaft

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          Abstract

          Introduction E-cigarette use during pregnancy is a risk factor for maternal and fetal health. Early studies on animals showed that in utero exposure to e-cigarettes can have negative health outcomes for the fetus. There has been only limited research into the risk perceptions of e-cigarette use during pregnancy. This study was conducted to comprehensively characterize the constructs of risk perceptions with regard to e-cigarette use during pregnancy using an I ntegrated H ealth B elief M odel (IHBM).

          Methods Our ST udy on E -cigarettes and P regnancy (STEP) used a mixed methods approach, with the study divided into an initial qualitative part and a quantitative part. A netnographic approach was used for the first part, which consisted of the analysis of 1552 posts from 25 German-language online discussion threads on e-cigarette use during pregnancy. Using these qualitative results, a quantitative questionnaire was developed to explore risk perception constructs about e-cigarette use during pregnancy. This questionnaire was subsequently administered to pregnant women (n = 575) in one hospital in Hamburg, Germany. Descriptive and bivariate analysis was used to examine differences in risk perception according to participantsʼ tobacco and e-cigarette user status before and during pregnancy. While the study design, methods and sample have been extensively described in our recently published study protocol in the January 2020 issue of Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde , this paper is devoted to a presentation of the results of our mixed methods study.

          Results Themes related to perceived threats identified in the qualitative study part were nicotine-related health risks and potential health risks of additional ingredients . Perceived benefits were possibility and facilitation of smoking cessation and a presumed potential to reduce harm . The subsequent quantitative part showed that nearly all participants (99.3%) perceived e-cigarettes which contained nicotine as constituting a threat to the health of the unborn child. The most commonly perceived barrier was health-related (96.6%), while the most commonly perceived benefit was a reduction in the amount of tobacco cigarettes consumed (31.8%). We found that particularly perceived benefits varied depending on the participantʼs tobacco and e-cigarette user status.

          Conclusion When considering future prevention strategies, the potential health risks and disputed effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a tool for smoking cessation need to be taken into account and critically discussed.

          Zusammenfassung

          Einleitung Die Nutzung von E-Zigaretten während der Schwangerschaft wird als Risikofaktor für die maternale und fetale Gesundheit diskutiert. Erste Studien an Tieren zeigen, dass die Exposition im Mutterleib zu negativen Gesundheitsoutcomes für den Fetus führen kann. Bisher wurden kaum Ergebnisse zur Risikowahrnehmung der E-Zigarette während der Schwangerschaft publiziert. Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt, um Konstrukte der Risikowahrnehmung der E-Zigaretten-Nutzung während der Schwangerschaft unter Verwendung eines integrierten Health-Belief-Modells (IHBM) umfassend zu charakterisieren.

          Methoden Unsere Studie zur E-Zigarette und Schwangerschaft (STEP) verwendete einen Mixed-Methods-Ansatz, beginnend mit einem qualitativen Studienteil und einem anschließenden quantitativen Studienteil. Zunächst wurde ein netnografischer Ansatz verwendet, indem 1552 Beiträge in 25 deutschsprachigen Online-Diskussionssträngen, die sich mit dem Gebrauch von E-Zigaretten während der Schwangerschaft befassten, analysiert wurden. Basierend auf den qualitativen Ergebnissen wurde ein quantitativer Fragebogen entwickelt, in dem Konstrukte der Risikowahrnehmung der E-Zigaretten-Nutzung während der Schwangerschaft untersucht wurden. Dieser Fragebogen wurde anschließend an Schwangere (n = 575) in einem Krankenhaus in Hamburg verteilt. In deskriptiven und bivariaten Analysen wurden Unterschiede in der Risikowahrnehmung in Abhängigkeit von dem Tabak- und E-Zigaretten-Nutzerstatus vor und während der Schwangerschaft untersucht. Während das Studiendesign, die Methodik und die Stichprobe von STEP ausführlich in unserem kürzlich veröffentlichen Studienprotokoll in der Januar-Ausgabe 2020 von Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde beschrieben wurde, widmet sich dieses Paper der Präsentation der Forschungsergebnisse unserer Mixed-Methods-Studie.

          Ergebnisse Themen, die im Zusammenhang mit wahrgenommenen Bedrohungen im qualitativen Studienteil identifiziert wurden, waren nikotinbedingte Gesundheitsrisiken und potenzielle Gesundheitsrisiken zusätzlicher Inhaltsstoffe. Wahrgenommene Vorteile waren die Möglichkeit und Erleichterung der Raucherentwöhnung und die Vermutung, Schaden zu minimieren. Der anschließende quantitative Studienteil zeigte, dass beispielsweise fast alle Teilnehmerinnen (99,3%) E-Zigaretten mit Nikotin als Bedrohung für die Gesundheit des Ungeborenen empfanden. Die am häufigsten wahrgenommene Barriere war gesundheitsbezogen (96,6%), während der am häufigste wahrgenommene Nutzen in der Reduzierung der Tabakzigaretten (31,8%) lag. Wir stellten fest, dass insbesondere die wahrgenommenen Vorteile nach dem Nutzerstatus von Tabak- und E-Zigaretten variierten.

          Schlussfolgerungen Im Kontext zukünftiger Präventionsmaßnahmen sollten potenzielle Gesundheitsrisiken und die umstrittene Wirksamkeit der E-Zigarette als Raucherentwöhnungsmittel berücksichtigt und kritisch diskutiert werden.

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          The Health Belief Model and Preventive Health Behavior

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            Metal and Silicate Particles Including Nanoparticles Are Present in Electronic Cigarette Cartomizer Fluid and Aerosol

            Background Electronic cigarettes (EC) deliver aerosol by heating fluid containing nicotine. Cartomizer EC combine the fluid chamber and heating element in a single unit. Because EC do not burn tobacco, they may be safer than conventional cigarettes. Their use is rapidly increasing worldwide with little prior testing of their aerosol. Objectives We tested the hypothesis that EC aerosol contains metals derived from various components in EC. Methods Cartomizer contents and aerosols were analyzed using light and electron microscopy, cytotoxicity testing, x-ray microanalysis, particle counting, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Results The filament, a nickel-chromium wire, was coupled to a thicker copper wire coated with silver. The silver coating was sometimes missing. Four tin solder joints attached the wires to each other and coupled the copper/silver wire to the air tube and mouthpiece. All cartomizers had evidence of use before packaging (burn spots on the fibers and electrophoretic movement of fluid in the fibers). Fibers in two cartomizers had green deposits that contained copper. Centrifugation of the fibers produced large pellets containing tin. Tin particles and tin whiskers were identified in cartridge fluid and outer fibers. Cartomizer fluid with tin particles was cytotoxic in assays using human pulmonary fibroblasts. The aerosol contained particles >1 µm comprised of tin, silver, iron, nickel, aluminum, and silicate and nanoparticles (<100 nm) of tin, chromium and nickel. The concentrations of nine of eleven elements in EC aerosol were higher than or equal to the corresponding concentrations in conventional cigarette smoke. Many of the elements identified in EC aerosol are known to cause respiratory distress and disease. Conclusions The presence of metal and silicate particles in cartomizer aerosol demonstrates the need for improved quality control in EC design and manufacture and studies on how EC aerosol impacts the health of users and bystanders.
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              Nicotine and the Developing Human: A Neglected Element in the Electronic Cigarette Debate.

              The elimination of cigarettes and other combusted tobacco products in the U.S. would prevent tens of millions of tobacco-related deaths. It has been suggested that the introduction of less harmful nicotine delivery devices, such as electronic cigarettes or other electronic nicotine delivery systems, will accelerate progress toward ending combustible cigarette use. However, careful consideration of the potential adverse health effects from nicotine itself is often absent from public health debates. Human and animal data support that nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability (fetal through adolescent stages) has multiple adverse health consequences, including impaired fetal brain and lung development, and altered development of cerebral cortex and hippocampus in adolescents. Measures to protect the health of pregnant women and children are needed and could include (1) strong prohibitions on marketing that increase youth uptake; (2) youth access laws similar to those in effect for other tobacco products; (3) appropriate health warnings for vulnerable populations; (4) packaging to prevent accidental poisonings; (5) protection of non-users from exposure to secondhand electronic cigarette aerosol; (6) pricing that helps minimize youth initiation and use; (7) regulations to reduce product addiction potential and appeal for youth; and (8) the age of legal sale.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd
                Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd
                10.1055/s-00000020
                Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde
                Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany )
                0016-5751
                1438-8804
                February 2021
                08 February 2021
                : 81
                : 2
                : 214-223
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Public Health, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
                [2 ]Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany
                [3 ]Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
                Author notes
                Correspondence Laura Schilling Department of Public Health Brandenburg University of Technology Universitätsplatz 101968 SenftenbergGermany schilling.laura@ 123456gmx.de
                Article
                13082376
                10.1055/a-1308-2376
                7870285
                b347b677-fd97-4cd5-a06a-a0883eef6758
                The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 22 June 2020
                : 08 November 2020
                Categories
                GebFra Science
                Original Article

                electronic cigarette,pregnancy,risk perception,health belief model,online forums,mixed methods,elektrische zigarette,schwangerschaft,risikowahrnehmung,health-belief-modell,online-foren,mixed-methods

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