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      Wie die Lichtwahrnehmung unsere innere Uhr beeinflusst: (How photoreception affects our inner clock)

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          Zusammenfassung

          Neben den Stäbchen und Zapfen sind die melanopsinhaltigen intrinsischen photosensitiven Ganglienzellen (ipRGC) der dritte Typ von Photorezeptoren in der Netzhaut. Die Hauptaufgabe der ipRGC ist es, dem Gehirn Informationen zu den Lichtverhältnissen zu signalisieren. Über die retinohypothalamische Nervenbahn synchronisiert Licht unsere innere Uhr und passt sich so dem Licht-Dunkel-Wechsel unserer Umgebung an. Das Licht ist für unsere innere Uhr dabei der wichtigste Zeitgeber und die ipRGC dadurch von zentraler Bedeutung für die Chronobiologie. Darüber hinaus folgen viele okuläre und retinale Stoffwechselvorgänge einem zirkadianen Rhythmus. Die Chrono-Ophthalmologie ist ein neu entstehendes Forschungsgebiet, das die Schnittstelle zwischen Auge und zirkadianem Rhythmus untersucht.

          Summary

          In addition to the rods and cones, the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) are responsible for encoding ambient illumination conditions. The main task of the ipRGC is to signal information about illumination to the brain. Via the retinohypothalamic pathway, light synchronises our internal biological clock and sets it to follow the environment’s light-dark cycle. Light is the most important zeitgeber for our inner clock and the ipRGC are therefore highly important for the field of chronobiology. Many ocular and retinal functions also follow a diurnal rhythm. Chrono-ophthalmology is an emerging research field at the interface between the eye and the clock.

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          Most cited references30

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          Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity.

          The primary circadian pacemaker, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian brain, is photoentrained by light signals from the eyes through the retinohypothalamic tract. Retinal rod and cone cells are not required for photoentrainment. Recent evidence suggests that the entraining photoreceptors are retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that project to the SCN. The visual pigment for this photoreceptor may be melanopsin, an opsin-like protein whose coding messenger RNA is found in a subset of mammalian RGCs. By cloning rat melanopsin and generating specific antibodies, we show that melanopsin is present in cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal axonal segments of a subset of rat RGCs. In mice heterozygous for tau-lacZ targeted to the melanopsin gene locus, beta-galactosidase-positive RGC axons projected to the SCN and other brain nuclei involved in circadian photoentrainment or the pupillary light reflex. Rat RGCs that exhibited intrinsic photosensitivity invariably expressed melanopsin. Hence, melanopsin is most likely the visual pigment of phototransducing RGCs that set the circadian clock and initiate other non-image-forming visual functions.
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            Sex difference in the near-24-hour intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system.

            The circadian rhythms of melatonin and body temperature are set to an earlier hour in women than in men, even when the women and men maintain nearly identical and consistent bedtimes and wake times. Moreover, women tend to wake up earlier than men and exhibit a greater preference for morning activities than men. Although the neurobiological mechanism underlying this sex difference in circadian alignment is unknown, multiple studies in nonhuman animals have demonstrated a sex difference in circadian period that could account for such a difference in circadian alignment between women and men. Whether a sex difference in intrinsic circadian period in humans underlies the difference in circadian alignment between men and women is unknown. We analyzed precise estimates of intrinsic circadian period collected from 157 individuals (52 women, 105 men; aged 18-74 y) studied in a month-long inpatient protocol designed to minimize confounding influences on circadian period estimation. Overall, the average intrinsic period of the melatonin and temperature rhythms in this population was very close to 24 h [24.15 ± 0.2 h (24 h 9 min ± 12 min)]. We further found that the intrinsic circadian period was significantly shorter in women [24.09 ± 0.2 h (24 h 5 min ± 12 min)] than in men [24.19 ± 0.2 h (24 h 11 min ± 12 min); P < 0.01] and that a significantly greater proportion of women have intrinsic circadian periods shorter than 24.0 h (35% vs. 14%; P < 0.01). The shorter average intrinsic circadian period observed in women may have implications for understanding sex differences in habitual sleep duration and insomnia prevalence.
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              Light Affects Mood and Learning through Distinct Retina-Brain Pathways

              Light exerts a range of powerful biological effects beyond image vision, including mood and learning regulation. While the source of photic information affecting mood and cognitive functions is well established, viz. intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), the central mediators are unknown. Here we reveal that the direct effects of light on learning and mood utilize distinct ipRGC output streams. ipRGCs that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) mediate the effects of light on learning, independently of the SCN’s pacemaker function. Mood regulation by light, on the other hand, requires an SCN-independent pathway linking ipRGCs to a previously unrecognized thalamic region, termed perihabenular nucleus (PHb). The PHb is integrated in a distinctive circuitry with mood-regulating centers, and is both necessary and sufficient for driving the effects of light on affective behavior. Together, these results provide new insights into the neural basis required for light to influence mood and learning.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                9918843988806676
                Z Prakt Augenheilkd Augenarztl Fortbild
                Z Prakt Augenheilkd Augenarztl Fortbild
                Zeitschrift fur praktische Augenheilkunde & augenarztliche Fortbildung : ZPA
                1436-0322
                20 June 2024
                July 2023
                09 January 2025
                : 44
                : 375-378
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Max-Planck-Institut für biologische Kybernetik ( https://ror.org/026nmvv73) , Tübingen
                [2 ]Augenärzte Mittlerer Neckar, Praxis Stuttgart-Mitte, Stuttgart
                [3 ]Technische Universität München ( https://ror.org/02kkvpp62) , Fakultät für Sport- und Gesundheitswissenschaften, München
                [4 ]Technische Universität München ( https://ror.org/02kkvpp62) , Institute for Advanced Study, Garching
                Article
                EMS196971
                7617293
                39790461
                ba41dbbd-932c-4b58-a122-c4a3ce30763c

                This work is licensed under a BY 4.0 International license.

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