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      Produced waters of the oil industry as an alternative water source for food production Translated title: Aguas producidas de la industria petrolera como fuente alternativa de agua para la producción de alimentos

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          Abstract

          Abstract Increased water demand for crop irrigation requires new water sources in the short term. One alternative may be unconventional ground water sources, such as produced waters that are pumped to the surface mixed with hydrocarbons in the process of drilling when extracted gas or oil. Such produced waters are confined to unproductive wells or used to maintain pressure in petroleum deposits. However, previous studies have highlighted the possibility of using these waters within the industrial sector as well as in the farming or forestry sectors. The objective of this review was to compile information about the origin, composition, actual and potential uses of produced waters from the oil industry, which might be useful in future research on this natural resource.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen El incremento en la demanda de agua para irrigación de cultivos requiere nuevas fuentes del recurso hídrico en el corto plazo. Una alternativa pueden ser las aguas subterráneas no convencionales, tal es el caso de las aguas producidas que son bombeadas a la superficie mezcladas con hidrocarburos en el proceso de perforación para la extracción de gas o petróleo. Por lo común, las aguas producidas generadas de esta manera se confinan en pozos no productivos o se utilizan para mantener la presión en los yacimientos de petróleo. Sin embargo, diversos estudios indican la posibilidad de utilizar dichas aguas en el sector industrial así como en los sectores agropecuario y forestal. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue recopilar información acerca del origen, composición, usos actuales y potenciales de las aguas producidas generadas por la industria extractora de petróleo, de utilidad en futuras investigaciones acerca de este recurso natural.

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          Most cited references58

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          Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil.

          At temperatures up to about 80 degrees C, petroleum in subsurface reservoirs is often biologically degraded, over geological timescales, by microorganisms that destroy hydrocarbons and other components to produce altered, denser 'heavy oils'. This temperature threshold for hydrocarbon biodegradation might represent the maximum temperature boundary for life in the deep nutrient-depleted Earth. Most of the world's oil was biodegraded under anaerobic conditions, with methane, a valuable commodity, often being a major by-product, which suggests alternative approaches to recovering the world's vast heavy oil resource that otherwise will remain largely unproduced.
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            Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond.

            The ultimate origin of water in the Earth's hydrosphere is in the deep Earth--the mantle. Theory and experiments have shown that although the water storage capacity of olivine-dominated shallow mantle is limited, the Earth's transition zone, at depths between 410 and 660 kilometres, could be a major repository for water, owing to the ability of the higher-pressure polymorphs of olivine--wadsleyite and ringwoodite--to host enough water to comprise up to around 2.5 per cent of their weight. A hydrous transition zone may have a key role in terrestrial magmatism and plate tectonics, yet despite experimental demonstration of the water-bearing capacity of these phases, geophysical probes such as electrical conductivity have provided conflicting results, and the issue of whether the transition zone contains abundant water remains highly controversial. Here we report X-ray diffraction, Raman and infrared spectroscopic data that provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence for the terrestrial occurrence of any higher-pressure polymorph of olivine: we find ringwoodite included in a diamond from Juína, Brazil. The water-rich nature of this inclusion, indicated by infrared absorption, along with the preservation of the ringwoodite, is direct evidence that, at least locally, the transition zone is hydrous, to about 1 weight per cent. The finding also indicates that some kimberlites must have their primary sources in this deep mantle region.
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              Arsenic in groundwater and health problems in Bangladesh

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rica
                Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental
                Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient
                Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, UNAM (México, DF, Mexico )
                0188-4999
                November 2016
                : 32
                : 4
                : 463-475
                Affiliations
                [1] San Nicolás de los Garza orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Mexico
                [2] Saltillo orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro orgdiv2Departamento de Horticultura Mexico
                Article
                S0188-49992016000400463 S0188-4999(16)03200400463
                10.20937/RICA.2016.32.04.10
                cb8486d6-d30d-44ed-b26a-00bc4fc8f73d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 February 2016
                : 01 March 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 65, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Review

                formation waters,irrigación,aguas de formación,aguas congénitas,irrigation,connate waters

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