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      Variaciones adaptativas en la talla de la megafauna bentónica de fondos blandos tropicales en función de parámetros bióticos y abióticos Translated title: Adaptive variation in size of tropical soft bottom benthic megafauna related to biotic and abiotic factors

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          Abstract

          ResumenEntender y predecir variaciones en el tamaño de los invertebrados megabentónicos sigue siendo un desafío importante en macroecología marina. Este estudio se realizó para identificar tendencias de cambio en la talla de la megafauna bentónica de fondos sedimentarios tropicales y conocer la influencia de variables que pueden determinar el tamaño de estos organismos, evaluando hipótesis y paradigmas ecológicos de mar profundo originados en zonas subtropicales y templadas. El área de estudio abarcó toda la plataforma continental del Caribe colombiano. Los ejemplares se recolectaron en 1998, 2001 y 2005 con red demersal semi-globo, entre 10 y 500 m de profundidad. Se seleccionaron las especies mejor representadas: Eudolium crosseanum, Cosmioconcha nitens, Nuculana acuta (moluscos), Astropecten alligator, Brissopsis atlantica, B. elongata (equinodermos), Anasimus latus, Chasmocarcinus cylindricus y Achelous spinicarpus (crustáceos). Para detectar tendencias significativas de cambio de tamaño, e inferir la influencia de variables bióticas y ambientales, se emplearon modelos aditivos generalizados, donde la talla fue la variable respuesta y las variables predictivas fueron: profundidad, temperatura, densidad intraespecífica e interespecífica, riqueza, latitud y longitud. Se midieron 7 000 ejemplares en total. Seis especies presentaron un incremento de la talla con el aumento de la profundidad y la disminución de la temperatura. Dichas especies abarcaron ámbitos batimétricos que superaron los 10 °C de diferencia entre zonas someras y profundas. Geográficamente se presentó una marcada disminución de tallas en el área de influencia de la desembocadura del río Magdalena, debida posiblemente a los fuertes cambios físicosquímicos que este río genera, principalmente porque es la zona con menos productividad primaria planctónica de toda el área de estudio. Hacia el norte de la desembocadura del río Magdalena se presentó un notorio aumento de tamaños entre los (74° - 71°W y 11° - 13°N), que puede deberse a la surgencia que se presenta en el norte del Caribe colombiano. La relación entre la densidad de individuos y la talla no fue clara. Sin embargo cinco especies mostraron una relación inversa con la densidad intraespecífica, y tres con la interespecífica. Temperatura y profundidad fueron las variables que mejor explicaron los cambios de talla detectados. La mayoría de especies presentaron un aumento de dimensiones corporales con la disminución de la temperatura en el perfil batimétrico. La tendencia al aumento de tallas con la profundidad es contraria a lo indicado por los modelos teóricos de talla óptima (pero acorde con algunos estudios más recientes), que predicen un decrecimiento del tamaño de los organismos con el incremento de la profundidad, debido a la disminución de nutrientes hacia zonas profundas del océano. Es posible que el aumento de tamaño sea una estrategia adaptativa para la maximización de la energía, como ocurre con muchos organismos en las porciones más frías de su ámbito de distribución. Futuros estudios en el Caribe deberían examinar variaciones en la talla de la megafauna bentónica en zonas más profundas (más de 500 m), donde la temperatura varía menos, razón por la cual otros factores pueden ser más importantes para determinar el tamaño de estos organismos.

          Translated abstract

          AbstractUnderstanding and predicting adaptations in body size of megabenthic invertebrates remains a major challenge in marine macroecology. This study was conducted in order to investigate size variations of benthic megafauna in the tropics and to identify the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that may produce changes to these organisms, testing unresolved hypothesis and paradigms of deep sea ecology from subtropical and temperate areas. The study area covered the continental shelf of the Colombian Caribbean. The samples were collected during 1998, 2001 and 2005, using semi-globe demersal net for a water depth of 10 to 500 m. The most common species were selected for further study: Eudolium crosseanum, Cosmioconcha nitens, Nuculana acuta (mollusks), Astropecten alligator, Brissopsis atlantica, B. elongata (equinoderms), Anasimus latus, Chasmocarcinus cylindricus and Achelous spinicarpus (crustaceans). Generalized Additive Models were used to detect significant changes in size and to infer the effects of biotic and environmental factors on organisms’ size. The dependent variable was size and the predicting model variables were depth, temperature, intraspecific density, interspecific density, richness, latitude, and longitude. A total of 7 000 individuals were measured. Six species showed an increase in body size towards deeper and colder sites. These species inhabit shallow and deep environments that exceed a variation in temperature of 10 °C. There was a remarkable size reduction in areas affected by the Magdalena River, possibly due to major physicochemical changes caused by the river. This region has the lowest planktonic primary productivity within the study area. An increase in sizes was observed north of the Magdalena River (74° - 71°W & 11° - 13°N), which may be attributable to the coastal upwelling occurring in this part of Colombia. The relationship between the density of benthic organisms and size was not clear. However, five species showed an inverse relation with intraspecific density and three with interspecific density. Temperature and depth were the variables that best explained the variations in size. Most of the studied species showed an increase in body size when temperature dropped along the bathymetric range. The trend of increasing size in deeper zones is contrary to the prediction of the optimal size theoretical model (but consistent with recent studies), which indicates a reduction in organisms’ size in the deep sea, due to food limitation with increasing depth. It is possible that this increase in size is an adaptation to maximize energy, which is frequently observed in the coldest habitats of several species. Future studies in Caribbean should examine variations in size of benthic megafauna towards deeper zones (more than 500 m), were temperature is less variable and then other factors can play a more important role determining the size of these organisms. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1002-1021. Epub 2017 September 01.

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          Most cited references59

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              Challenging the paradigms of deep-sea ecology.

              Deep-sea ecosystems represent Earth's major ecological research frontier. Focusing on seafloor ecosystems, we demonstrate how new technologies underpin discoveries that challenge major ecological hypotheses and paradigms, illuminating new deep-sea geosphere-biosphere interactions. We now recognize greater habitat complexity, new ecological interactions and the importance of 'dark energy', and chemosynthetic production in fuelling biodiversity. We also acknowledge functional hotspots that contradict a food-poor, metabolically inactive, and minor component of global carbon cycles. Symbioses appear widespread, revealing novel adaptations. Populations show complex spatial structure and evolutionary histories. These new findings redefine deep-sea ecology and the role of Earth's largest biome in global biosphere functioning. Indeed, deep-sea exploration can open new perspectives in ecological research to help mitigate exploitation impacts.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbt
                Revista de Biología Tropical
                Rev. biol. trop
                Universidad de Costa Rica (San José, San José, Costa Rica )
                0034-7744
                0034-7744
                September 2017
                : 65
                : 3
                : 1002-1021
                Affiliations
                [2] Bogotá D.C orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1Departamento de Biología Colombia cbgarciar@ 123456unal.edu.co
                [1] Brisbane Queensland orgnameGriffith University orgdiv1School of Environment Australia luis.gomezlemos@ 123456griffithuni.edu.au
                Article
                S0034-77442017000301002
                10.15517/rbt.v65i3.25579
                d660f1fa-0786-41c3-8c21-a0d0d1c8ff5a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 63, Pages: 20
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                SciELO Costa Rica


                talla,variables predictivas,megafauna bentónica,fondos blandos tropicales,Caribe colombiano,body size,predictor variables,benthic megafauna,tropical soft-bottoms,Colombian Caribbean Sea

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