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      The past, present and future of Alzheimer's disease – part 1: the past Translated title: O passado, presente e futuro da doença de Alzheimer – parte 1: o passado

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          Abstract

          Background  Alzheimer's disease (AD) was described in 1907, and since then it changed from a relatively rare condition to one of the most prevalent diseases.

          Objective  To describe the evolution of the notions of dementias and AD, and to investigate the reasons for the increase in scientific interest in AD.

          Methods  A historical analysis was carried out on knowledge about dementia, the site of mental activity, the relationships between brain diseases and mental activity, and on the advances in research about AD, since its discovery until the publication of the amyloid cascade hypothesis in 1992. A search was carried out in the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) for scientific articles that included the terms dementia or AD over 50 years, from 1972 to 2021.

          Results  The scientific research on AD increased from 615 papers with the term AD in the first decade (1972-1981), to 100,028 papers in the last decade (2012-2021): an increase of 162.6 times whereas publications with the term dementia increased 28.6 times in the same period. In the 1960s and 1970s, a consensus was reached that AD is responsible for the majority of cases of dementia previously known as senile dementia. In the 1980s, beta-amyloid peptide was identified in the core of the senile plaque, hyperphosphorylated tau protein was found in neurofibrillary tangles, and a mutation was discovered in a hereditary form of AD.

          Conclusion  The expansion of the concept of AD to include senile dementia, and the discoveries that occurred in the 1980s greatly expanded research in AD.

          Resumo

          Antecedentes  A doença de Alzheimer (DA) foi descrita em 1907 e, desde então, deixou de ser relativamente rara para se tornar uma das doenças mais prevalentes.

          Objetivo  Descrever a evolução das noções sobre demências e DA e investigar as razões do aumento do interesse científico pela DA.

          Métodos  Foi realizada uma análise histórica dos conhecimentos sobre demência, o local da atividade mental, as relações entre doenças cerebrais e a atividade mental, e sobre os avanços na pesquisa sobre a DA, desde a sua descoberta até a publicação da hipótese da cascata amiloide em 1992. Foi realizada uma busca na Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos da América (PubMed) por artigos científicos que incluíssem os termos demência ou DA nos 50 anos, de 1972 a 2021.

          Resultados  A pesquisa científica sobre DA aumentou de 615 artigos com o termo doença de Alzheimer na primeira década (1972-1981), para 100.028 artigos na última década (2012-2021): um aumento de 162,6 vezes enquanto as publicações com o termo demência aumentaram 28,6 vezes no mesmo período. Nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, chegou-se a um consenso de que a DA é responsável pela maioria dos casos de demência, anteriormente conhecida como demência senil. Na década de 1980, o peptídeo beta-amiloide foi identificado no núcleo da placa senil, a proteína tau hiperfosforilada foi encontrada em emaranhados neurofibrilares e uma mutação foi descoberta em uma forma hereditária de DA.

          Conclusão  A expansão do conceito de DA para incluir a demência senil e as descobertas ocorridas na década de 1980 ampliaram enormemente a pesquisa em DA.

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          Most cited references63

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          Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis

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            Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome.

            We have purified and characterized the cerebral amyloid protein that forms the plaque core in Alzheimer disease and in aged individuals with Down syndrome. The protein consists of multimeric aggregates of a polypeptide of about 40 residues (4 kDa). The amino acid composition, molecular mass, and NH2-terminal sequence of this amyloid protein are almost identical to those described for the amyloid deposited in the congophilic angiopathy of Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome, but the plaque core proteins have ragged NH2 termini. The shared 4-kDa subunit indicates a common origin for the amyloids of the plaque core and of the congophilic angiopathy. There are superficial resemblances between the solubility characteristics of the plaque core and some of the properties of scrapie infectivity, but there are no similarities in amino acid sequences between the plaque core and scrapie polypeptides.
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              Alzheimer's disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein.

              A purified protein derived from the twisted beta-pleated sheet fibrils in cerebrovascular amyloidosis associated with Alzheimer's disease has been isolated by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography with 5 M guanidine-HC1 in 1 N acetic acid and by high performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid sequence analysis and a computer search reveals this protein to have no homology with any protein sequenced thus far. This protein may be derived from a unique serum precursor which may provide a diagnostic test for Alzheimer's disease and a means to understand its pathogenesis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arq Neuropsiquiatr
                Arq Neuropsiquiatr
                10.1055/s-00054595
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda. (Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil )
                0004-282X
                1678-4227
                29 December 2023
                December 2023
                1 December 2023
                : 81
                : 12
                : 1070-1076
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence Ricardo Nitrini rnitrini@ 123456uol.com.br
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-1525
                Article
                ANP-23-0254
                10.1055/s-0043-1777722
                10756790
                38157874
                df42b435-fb88-46c9-ba0e-63ca88db1981
                The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 10 October 2023
                : 21 November 2023
                Categories
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                history,alzheimer disease,plaque amyloid,neurofibrillary tangles,amyloid beta-peptides,alois alzheimer,oskar fischer,emil kraepelin,história,doença de alzheimer,placa amiloide,emaranhados neurofibrilares,peptídeos beta-amiloides

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