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      Consistent trade‐offs in ecosystem services between land covers with different production intensities

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          ABSTRACT

          Sustaining multiple ecosystem services across a landscape requires an understanding of how consistently services are shaped by different categories of land uses. Yet, this understanding is generally constrained by the availability of fine‐resolution data for multiple services across large areas and the spatial variability of land‐use effects on services. We systematically surveyed published literature for New Zealand (1970–2015) to quantify the supply of 17 non‐production services across 25 land covers (as a proxy for land use). We found a consistent trade‐off in the services supplied by anthropogenic land covers with a high production intensity (e.g. cropping) versus those with extensive or no production. By contrast, forest cover was not associated with any distinct patterns of service supply. By drawing on existing research findings, we reveal complementarity and redundancy (potentially influencing resilience) in service supply from different land covers. This will guide practitioners in shaping land systems that sustainably support human well‐being.

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          Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range

          Background In systematic reviews and meta-analysis, researchers often pool the results of the sample mean and standard deviation from a set of similar clinical trials. A number of the trials, however, reported the study using the median, the minimum and maximum values, and/or the first and third quartiles. Hence, in order to combine results, one may have to estimate the sample mean and standard deviation for such trials. Methods In this paper, we propose to improve the existing literature in several directions. First, we show that the sample standard deviation estimation in Hozo et al.’s method (BMC Med Res Methodol 5:13, 2005) has some serious limitations and is always less satisfactory in practice. Inspired by this, we propose a new estimation method by incorporating the sample size. Second, we systematically study the sample mean and standard deviation estimation problem under several other interesting settings where the interquartile range is also available for the trials. Results We demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods through simulation studies for the three frequently encountered scenarios, respectively. For the first two scenarios, our method greatly improves existing methods and provides a nearly unbiased estimate of the true sample standard deviation for normal data and a slightly biased estimate for skewed data. For the third scenario, our method still performs very well for both normal data and skewed data. Furthermore, we compare the estimators of the sample mean and standard deviation under all three scenarios and present some suggestions on which scenario is preferred in real-world applications. Conclusions In this paper, we discuss different approximation methods in the estimation of the sample mean and standard deviation and propose some new estimation methods to improve the existing literature. We conclude our work with a summary table (an Excel spread sheet including all formulas) that serves as a comprehensive guidance for performing meta-analysis in different situations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-135) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet

            The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries—climate change and biosphere integrity—have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.
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              Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people.

              Continuing population and consumption growth will mean that the global demand for food will increase for at least another 40 years. Growing competition for land, water, and energy, in addition to the overexploitation of fisheries, will affect our ability to produce food, as will the urgent requirement to reduce the impact of the food system on the environment. The effects of climate change are a further threat. But the world can produce more food and can ensure that it is used more efficiently and equitably. A multifaceted and linked global strategy is needed to ensure sustainable and equitable food security, different components of which are explored here.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                cgomezcre@gmail.com
                jason.tylianakis@canterbury.ac.nz
                Journal
                Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc
                Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc
                10.1111/(ISSN)1469-185X
                BRV
                Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
                Blackwell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                1464-7931
                1469-185X
                24 May 2021
                October 2021
                : 96
                : 5 ( doiID: 10.1111/brv.v96.5 )
                : 1989-2008
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Centre for Integrative Ecology University of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
                [ 2 ] Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
                [ 3 ] Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute) Christchurch 8440 New Zealand
                [ 4 ] Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf CH‐8903 Switzerland
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Authors for correspondence (Tel.: +64 21 2979902; E‐mail: cgomezcre@ 123456gmail.com ); (Tel.: +64 3 3695379; E‐mail: jason.tylianakis@ 123456canterbury.ac.nz )

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5248-1924
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6127
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7765-5182
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5962-3208
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7402-5620
                Article
                BRV12734
                10.1111/brv.12734
                8519091
                34031979
                efde00cf-9e58-4455-8f85-c16cd7ad881c
                © 2021 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                : 02 May 2021
                : 16 December 2019
                : 06 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Pages: 20, Words: 24881
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, NZ
                Award ID: C09X1307
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                October 2021
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.8 mode:remove_FC converted:15.10.2021

                Ecology
                land‐use planning,environmental management,ecosystem service bundles,quantitative review,network meta‐analysis

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