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      Antibacterial properties and abrasion-stability: Development of a novel silver-compound material for orthodontic bracket application Translated title: Antibakteriell und abrasionsstabil: Entwicklung eines innovativen Silberverbundmaterials zur Anwendung als kieferorthopädisches Bracketmaterial

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Bacteria-induced white spot lesions are a common side effect of modern orthodontic treatment. Therefore, there is a need for novel orthodontic bracket materials with antibacterial properties that also resist long-term abrasion. The aim of this study was to investigate the abrasion-stable antibacterial properties of a newly developed, thoroughly silver-infiltrated material for orthodontic bracket application in an in situ experiment.

          Methods

          To generate the novel material, silver was vacuum-infiltrated into a sintered porous tungsten matrix. A tooth brushing simulation machine was used to perform abrasion equal to 2 years of tooth brushing. The material was characterized by energy dispersive X‑ray (EDX) analysis and roughness measurement. To test for antibacterial properties in situ, individual occlusal splints equipped with specimens were worn intraorally by 12 periodontal healthy patients for 48 h. After fluorescence staining, the quantitative biofilm volume and live/dead distribution of the initial biofilm formation were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

          Results

          Silver was infiltrated homogeneously throughout the tungsten matrix. Toothbrush abrasion only slightly reduced the material’s thickness similar to conventional stainless steel bracket material and did not alter surface roughness. The new silver-modified material showed significantly reduced biofilm accumulation in situ. The effect was maintained even after abrasion.

          Conclusion

          A promising, novel silver-infiltrated abrasion-stable material for use as orthodontic brackets, which also exhibit strong antibacterial properties on in situ grown oral biofilms, was developed. The strong antibacterial properties were maintained even after surface abrasion simulated with long-term toothbrushing.

          Translated abstract

          Zielsetzung

          Bakterieninduzierte „white spot lesions“ sind eine der häufigsten Komplikationen moderner kieferorthopädischer Behandlungen. Daher besteht großes Interesse an neuen kieferorthopädischen Bracketmaterialien mit antibakteriellen Eigenschaften, die gleichzeitig abrasionsstabil sind. Ziel dieser In-situ-Studie war die Untersuchung der antibakteriellen Eigenschaften in Abhängigkeit zur Abrasion eines neu entwickelten, vollständig silberinfiltrierten Materials für die kieferorthopädische Anwendung.

          Methoden

          Zur Herstellung des neuartigen Materials wurde Silber mittels Vakuuminfiltration in eine gesinterte, poröse Wolfram-Matrix eingebracht. Um die Abrasion durch Zähneputzen über einen Zeitraum von 2 Jahren nachzustellen, wurde eine Zahnputzsimulationsmaschine genutzt. Das Material wurde im Anschluss mittels energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie (EDX) und Rauheitsmessung analysiert. Um die antibakteriellen Eigenschaften in situ zu untersuchen, wurden die Probekörper an individuellen Aufbissschienen befestigt und von 12 parodontal gesunden Probanden für 48 h intraoral getragen. Nach anschließender Fluoreszenzfärbung wurden das Biofilmvolumen sowie die Lebend-tot-Verteilung durch konfokale Laserscanningmikroskopie (CLSM) quantifiziert.

          Ergebnisse

          Das Silber konnte homogen in die Wolfram-Matrix infiltriert werden. Das Material widerstand der Zahnputz-Abrasion in vergleichbarem Maße wie konventionelles Edelstahl-Bracketmaterial und auch die Oberflächenrauheit veränderte sich nicht. Eine signifikante Reduktion der Biofilmakkumulation konnte auf dem neuen silbermodifizierten Material nachgewiesen werden. Dieser Effekt blieb auch nach der Abrasion erhalten.

          Schlussfolgerung

          Es konnte ein neues silberinfiltriertes, abrasionsstabiles Material mit vielversprechenden Eigenschaften für die Anwendung als kieferorthopädisches Bracketmaterial entwickelt werden, das starke antibakterielle Eigenschaften gegenüber oralen Biofilmen in situ aufweist. Dieser antibakterielle Effekt bleibt auch nach Langzeit-Abrasion mit einer Zahnputz-Simulationsmaschine erhalten.

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          Most cited references75

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          Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

          The antibacterial effect and mechanism of action of a silver ion solution that was electrically generated were investigated for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by analyzing the growth, morphology, and ultrastructure of the bacterial cells following treatment with the silver ion solution. Bacteria were exposed to the silver ion solution for various lengths of time, and the antibacterial effect of the solution was tested using the conventional plate count method and flow cytometric (FC) analysis. Reductions of more than 5 log(10) CFU/ml of both S. aureus and E. coli bacteria were confirmed after 90 min of treatment with the silver ion solution. Significant reduction of S. aureus and E. coli cells was also observed by FC analysis; however, the reduction rate determined by FC analysis was less than that determined by the conventional plate count method. These differences may be attributed to the presence of bacteria in an active but nonculturable (ABNC) state after treatment with the silver ion solution. Transmission electron microscopy showed considerable changes in the bacterial cell membranes upon silver ion treatment, which might be the cause or consequence of cell death. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that silver ions may cause S. aureus and E. coli bacteria to reach an ABNC state and eventually die.
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            Dental caries.

            Dental caries, otherwise known as tooth decay, is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of people worldwide; individuals are susceptible to this disease throughout their lifetime. Dental caries forms through a complex interaction over time between acid-producing bacteria and fermentable carbohydrate, and many host factors including teeth and saliva. The disease develops in both the crowns and roots of teeth, and it can arise in early childhood as an aggressive tooth decay that affects the primary teeth of infants and toddlers. Risk for caries includes physical, biological, environmental, behavioural, and lifestyle-related factors such as high numbers of cariogenic bacteria, inadequate salivary flow, insufficient fluoride exposure, poor oral hygiene, inappropriate methods of feeding infants, and poverty. The approach to primary prevention should be based on common risk factors. Secondary prevention and treatment should focus on management of the caries process over time for individual patients, with a minimally invasive, tissue-preserving approach.
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              Oral multispecies biofilm development and the key role of cell-cell distance.

              Growth of oral bacteria in situ requires adhesion to a surface because the constant flow of host secretions thwarts the ability of planktonic cells to grow before they are swallowed. Therefore, oral bacteria evolved to form biofilms on hard tooth surfaces and on soft epithelial tissues, which often contain multiple bacterial species. Because these biofilms are easy to study, they have become the paradigm of multispecies biofilms. In this Review we describe the factors involved in the formation of these biofilms, including the initial adherence to the oral tissues and teeth, cooperation between bacterial species in the biofilm, signalling between the bacteria and its role in pathogenesis, and the transfer of DNA between bacteria. In all these aspects distance between cells of different species is integral for oral biofilm growth.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                meyer-kobbe.viktoria@mh-hannover.de
                doll.katharina@mh-hannover.de
                Journal
                J Orofac Orthop
                J Orofac Orthop
                Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                1434-5293
                1615-6714
                18 July 2022
                18 July 2022
                2024
                : 85
                : 1
                : 30-42
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, ( https://ror.org/00f2yqf98) Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
                [2 ]Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
                [3 ]Department of Orthodontics, Hannover Medical School, ( https://ror.org/00f2yqf98) Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
                Article
                405
                10.1007/s00056-022-00405-7
                10791857
                35849137
                f2d8f076-7154-45e8-82e7-077bf1b02c26
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 4 August 2021
                : 24 March 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH) (3118)
                Categories
                Original Article
                Custom metadata
                © Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kieferorthopädie 2024

                Orthopedics
                silver infiltration,biofilms,abrasion resistance,antibacterial orthodontic bracket material,confocal laser scanning microscopy,silber-infiltration,biofilm,abrasionsstabil,antibakterielles kieferorthopädisches bracketmaterial,konfokale laser-scanning-mikroskopie

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