This paper puts forward a syntactic account for the evolution of pragmatic expressions with a focus on sentence adverbs and modal particles. These go back to very different sources, ranging from adjectives or adverbs to focus particles to fully-fledged finite or non-finite clauses. The paper’s main aim is to identify the major characteristics and the driving force behind these developments.The proposal is built on recent synchronic approaches positing a syntactically encoded layer in sentential architecture which hosts projections related to evidential or epistemic speaker evaluation, to properties of the speech act and the like (e.g. Krifka 2023). It will be argued that it is this layer that propels pertinent diachronic processes of ‘pragmaticalization’ along different pathways. Based on Diewald’s (2011) notion of pragmaticalization as grammaticalization of discourse functions, pragmaticalization is defined syntactically as grammaticalization into this higher functional layer. This way, the key characteristics of the process and its differences to classical grammaticalization can be accounted for.

This study investigated the impact of maternal high-fat diet on vascular function and endothelial homeostasis in offspring. We found that offspring exposed to maternal high-fat diet exhibited elevated blood pressure, impaired abdominal aortic vascular function, and endothelial homeostasis imbalance. These changes were accompanied by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10). Treatment with NLRP3 or IL-1β inhibitors prevented the deterioration in vascular function, reduced endothelial NO production, and inflammation induced by maternal high-fat diet exposure compared to the control group. The findings suggest that during pregnancy, mitigating the vascular impairments in offspring induced by maternal high-fat diet can be achieved by inhibiting the NLRP3/IL-1β pathway.

Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor (ECT) is a rare benign intraoral tumor that almost exclusively presents as a small mass on the anterior dorsal tongue. Recently, the ras-responsive element-binding protein 1::myocardin-related transcription factor B (RREB1::MRTFB; previously known as MKL2) fusion gene has been identified in 90% of ECTs, all localized to the tongue, highlighting its genetic distinctiveness. Herein, we report a mesenchymal tumor involving the plantar fascia of the left foot in a young woman, harboring the RREB1::MRTFB fusion gene.

To provide an overview of the predictive value of A Body Shape Index (ABSI) for the risk of cardiovascular events.

This study aimed to investigate the association between psoriasis and Life's Essential 8 (LE8), which has demonstrated an inverse relationship with various chronic diseases, though its link to psoriasis remains unexplored. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted during 2005 to 2006 and 2009 to 2014 that included participants who were 20 years or older. The LE8 score was calculated based on the American Heart Association's recommendations and categorized into three levels: low (0-49), moderate (50-79), and high (80-100). Psoriasis was identified using self-reported questionnaires. Weighted multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were applied to evaluate the relationship between LE8 scores and psoriasis. The study included 12,744 participants with an average age of 46.2 years (95% CI: 45.53-46.87 years); 6,289 (50.96%) were female, and 374 (2.9%) reported having psoriasis. The weighted mean LE8 score was 68.50 (95% CI: 67.94-69.07). After complete adjustment, a linear negative association was observed between psoriasis and the LE8 score (OR per 1 SD increase: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.99). Among the subscales, the health factors score showed a linear relationship with psoriasis, while a nonlinear relationship was found between psoriasis and the health behaviors score. Additionally, BMI, an LE8 component, demonstrated a significant association with psoriasis (OR per 1 SD increase: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.98) in multivariable logistic regression models. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. We identified a linear negative relationship between psoriasis and LE8, demonstrating that improving LE8 management could serve as a potential strategy for preventing and managing psoriasis.

The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) is the major mode of tropical intraseasonal variability during the Indian summer monsoon (ISM), it partly controls the dry and wet spells of the ISM and thus is crucial for agricultural yield in the country. Understanding the future of BSISO is essential as it has been established recently that the large-scale BSISO environment enhances the probability of extreme rainfall events enormously. In this study, the ability of Coupled Model Inter Comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models to capture the northward propagation of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) is examined using a counting algorithm. A composite moisture budget reveals the difference in moisture dynamics between the above-average-performing (AAPM) and below-average-performing (BAPM) models. The AAPM composite has a stronger horizontal moisture advection ahead of the convection centre than the BAPM composite. The weaker wind and moisture perturbations in the BAPM mainly cause this difference in the horizontal moisture advection between AAPM and BAPM. The BAPM composite shows a weaker equatorial convection signal compared to the AAPM composite, resulting in weaker wind and moisture perturbations and a lesser number of northward propagations. Finally, we understand the future of BSISO by examining the projections of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 370 (SSP370) from the available AAPMs. The background moisture will be enhanced uniformly in the future, leading to no substantial change in gradients. The equatorial convection amplifies and broadens in the future projections, leading to very little change in the wind perturbations. This results in the enhancement of BSISO rainfall by 63% in the Bay of Bengal and 42% in the Arabian Sea. However, the proportion of northward propagations remains the same as moisture advection remains the same. The study implies that with a correct representation of BSISO’s equatorial convection, the prediction of BSISO and extreme rainfall associated with BSISOs becomes more reliable.