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      Multimorbidity in old age and its impact on life results Translated title: Multimorbidität in der Hochaltrigkeit und ihre Auswirkung auf Lebensergebnisse

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          Abstract

          Background

          High prevalence diseases, such as high blood pressure, dementia and depression in old age can lead to multimorbidity, which is often defined as the presence of more than one health condition in an individual. Multimorbidity has negative consequences on health-related quality of life and healthcare utilization. As many age-associated diseases are not curable, therapeutic goals like preservation of autonomy, functioning, and life satisfaction become more important in old age patients.

          Objective

          The prevalence of multimorbidity dementia and depressive symptoms and the consequences of multimorbidity on autonomy, functioning, and life satisfaction among the oldest old were examined.

          Material and methods

          In personal computer-assisted interviews, participants of the representative study NRW80+ were asked for which health issues they received medical treatment.

          Results

          On average, people above the age of 80 years were treated for 3.62 diseases and 31.4% of older people received medical treatment for 5 or more diseases. A connection between multimorbidity and age group could not be shown. Autonomy, functioning, and life satisfaction are reduced in association with multimorbidity.

          Conclusion

          Multimorbidity is a frequent phenomenon among old people. A lack of diagnostic procedures and medical treatment can be a reason for the missing age trends. The results illustrate the importance of multimorbidity for patient-relevant outcomes and reveal the need to identify patients with multimorbidity.

          Translated abstract

          Hintergrund

          Die hohe Prävalenz von Erkrankungen wie Bluthochdruck, Demenz oder depressiven Störungen in der Hochaltrigkeit führt vielfach zu Multimorbidität, dem gleichzeitigen Vorliegen mehrerer Erkrankungen. Multimorbidität wirkt sich negativ auf die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität und Inanspruchnahme von Hilfe aus. Da viele der alterskorrelierten Erkrankungen nicht heilbar sind, werden therapeutische Ziele wie der Erhalt von Funktionalität, Autonomie und Lebensqualität in der Hochaltrigkeit bedeutender.

          Fragestellung

          Die Häufigkeit von Multimorbidität, demenzieller und depressiver Symptomatik sowie die Auswirkungen von Multimorbidität auf Funktionalität, Autonomie und Lebenszufriedenheit bei über 80-Jährigen wurden untersucht.

          Material und Methode

          Teilnehmende der repräsentativen Studie NRW80+ wurden in computergestützten persönlichen Interviews befragt, zu welchen gesundheitlichen Problemen sie aktuell ärztlich behandelt werden.

          Ergebnisse

          Durchschnittlich waren die über 80-Jährigen von 3,62 Erkrankungen betroffen. 31,4 % der Hochaltrigen wurden wegen 5 oder mehr gesundheitlichen Problemen ärztlich behandelt. Zusammenhänge zwischen Alter und Anzahl der behandelten Erkrankungen konnten nicht nachgewiesen werden. Autonomie, Funktionalität und Lebenszufriedenheit sind bei Multimorbidität reduziert.

          Schlussfolgerung

          Multimorbidität ist in der Hochaltrigkeit ein häufiges Phänomen. Das Fehlen klarer Alterstrends kann auch mit Unterdiagnostik und Unterbehandlung begründet werden. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Signifikanz von Multimorbidität für patientenrelevante Outcomes. Der Identifikation multimorbider Patienten im Gesundheitssystem kommt eine zentrale Rolle zu.

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          Most cited references40

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          Aging with multimorbidity: a systematic review of the literature.

          A literature search was carried out to summarize the existing scientific evidence concerning occurrence, causes, and consequences of multimorbidity (the coexistence of multiple chronic diseases) in the elderly as well as models and quality of care of persons with multimorbidity. According to pre-established inclusion criteria, and using different search strategies, 41 articles were included (four of these were methodological papers only). Prevalence of multimorbidity in older persons ranges from 55 to 98%. In cross-sectional studies, older age, female gender, and low socioeconomic status are factors associated with multimorbidity, confirmed by longitudinal studies as well. Major consequences of multimorbidity are disability and functional decline, poor quality of life, and high health care costs. Controversial results were found on multimorbidity and mortality risk. Methodological issues in evaluating multimorbidity are discussed as well as future research needs, especially concerning etiological factors, combinations and clustering of chronic diseases, and care models for persons affected by multiple disorders. New insights in this field can lead to the identification of preventive strategies and better treatment of multimorbid patients. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            The Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire: a new method to assess comorbidity for clinical and health services research.

            To develop the Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire (SCQ) and assess its psychometric properties, including the predictive validity of the instrument, as reflected by its association with health status and health care utilization after 1 year. A cross-sectional comparison of the SCQ with a standard, chart abstraction-based measure (Charlson Index) was conducted on 170 inpatients from medical and surgical care units. The association of the SCQ with the chart-based comorbidity instrument and health status (short form 36) was evaluated cross sectionally. The association between these measures and health status and resource utilization was assessed after 1 year. The Spearman correlation coefficient for the association between the SCQ and the Charlson Index was 0.32. After restricting each measure to include only comparable items, the correlation between measures was stronger (Spearman r = 0.55). The SCQ had modest associations with measures of resource utilization during the index admission, and with health status and resource utilization after 1 year. The SCQ has modest correlations with a widely used medical record-based comorbidity instrument, and with subsequent health status and utilization. This new measure represents an efficient method to assess comorbid conditions in clinical and health services research. It will be particularly useful in settings where medical records are unavailable.
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              Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493 737 UK Biobank participants

              Summary Background Frailty is associated with older age and multimorbidity (two or more long-term conditions); however, little is known about its prevalence or effects on mortality in younger populations. This paper aims to examine the association between frailty, multimorbidity, specific long-term conditions, and mortality in a middle-aged and older aged population. Methods Data were sourced from the UK Biobank. Frailty phenotype was based on five criteria (weight loss, exhaustion, grip strength, low physical activity, slow walking pace). Participants were deemed frail if they met at least three criteria, pre-frail if they fulfilled one or two criteria, and not frail if no criteria were met. Sociodemographic characteristics and long-term conditions were examined. The outcome was all-cause mortality, which was measured at a median of 7 years follow-up. Multinomial logistic regression compared sociodemographic characteristics and long-term conditions of frail or pre-frail participants with non-frail participants. Cox proportional hazards models examined associations between frailty or pre-frailty and mortality. Results were stratified by age group (37–45, 45–55, 55–65, 65–73 years) and sex, and were adjusted for multimorbidity count, socioeconomic status, body-mass index, smoking status, and alcohol use. Findings 493 737 participants aged 37–73 years were included in the study, of whom 16 538 (3%) were considered frail, 185 360 (38%) pre-frail, and 291 839 (59%) not frail. Frailty was significantly associated with multimorbidity (prevalence 18% [4435/25 338] in those with four or more long-term conditions; odds ratio [OR] 27·1, 95% CI 25·3–29·1) socioeconomic deprivation, smoking, obesity, and infrequent alcohol consumption. The top five long-term conditions associated with frailty were multiple sclerosis (OR 15·3; 99·75% CI 12·8–18·2); chronic fatigue syndrome (12·9; 11·1–15·0); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (5·6; 5·2–6·1); connective tissue disease (5·4; 5·0–5·8); and diabetes (5·0; 4·7–5·2). Pre-frailty and frailty were significantly associated with mortality for all age strata in men and women (except in women aged 37–45 years) after adjustment for confounders. Interpretation Efforts to identify, manage, and prevent frailty should include middle-aged individuals with multimorbidity, in whom frailty is significantly associated with mortality, even after adjustment for number of long-term conditions, sociodemographics, and lifestyle. Research, clinical guidelines, and health-care services must shift focus from single conditions to the requirements of increasingly complex patient populations. Funding CSO Catalyst Grant and National Health Service Research for Scotland Career Research Fellowship.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                thomas.brijoux@uni-koeln.de
                Journal
                Z Gerontol Geriatr
                Z Gerontol Geriatr
                Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0948-6704
                1435-1269
                23 June 2021
                23 June 2021
                2021
                : 54
                : Suppl 2
                : 108-113
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.6190.e, ISNI 0000 0000 8580 3777, cologne center for ethics, rights, economics, and social sciences of health, , Universität zu Köln, ; Cologne, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.6190.e, ISNI 0000 0000 8580 3777, Lehrstuhl für Rehabilitationswissenschaftliche Gerontologie, Humanwissenschaftliche Fakultät, , Universität zu Köln, ; Cologne, Germany
                Article
                1920
                10.1007/s00391-021-01920-9
                8551110
                34160675
                1ae8f49d-b81a-4de8-b514-e7cc551f87a3
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 17 March 2021
                : 7 May 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Universität zu Köln (1017)
                Categories
                Original Contributions
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2021

                multimorbidity,oldest old,depression,dementia,quality of life,multimorbidität,hochaltrigkeit,demenz,lebensqualität

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