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      Rapid assessment of drug use and sexual HIV risk patterns among vulnerable drugusing populations in Cape Town, Durban and Pretoria, South Africa Translated title: L'évaluation rapide de la consommation de drogues et les tendances sexuelles à risque du VIH parmi les populations vulnérables de consommateurs au Cap, à Durban et à Pretoria, en Afrique du Sud

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          Abstract

          This exploratory study examines the links between drug use and high-risk sexual practices and HIV in vulnerable drug-using populations in South Africa, including commercial sex workers (CSWs), men who have sex with men (MSM), injecting drug users (IDUs) and non-injecting drug users who are not CSWs or MSM (NIDUs). A rapid assessment ethnographic study was undertaken using observation, mapping, key informant interviews and focus groups in known ‘hotspots’ for drug use and sexual risk in Cape Town, Durban and Pretoria. Key informant (KI) and focus group interviews involved drug users and service providers. Purposeful snowball sampling and street intercepts were used to recruit drug users. Outcome measures included drug-related sexual HIV risk behaviour, and risk behaviour related to injection drug use, as well as issues related to service use. HIV testing of drug-using KIs was conducted using the SmartCheck Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Test. Non-injection drug use (mainly cannabis, methaqualone, crack cocaine and crystal methamphetamine) and injection drug use (mainly heroin) was occurring in these cities. Drug users report selling sex for money to buy drugs, and CSWs used drugs before, during and after sex. Most (70%) of the drug-using KIs offered HIV testing accepted and 28% were positive, with rates highest among CSWs and MSM. IDUs reported engaging in needle sharing and needle disposal practices that put them and others at risk for contracting HIV. There was a widespread lack of awareness about where to access HIV treatment and preventive services, and numerous barriers to accessing appropriate HIV and drug-intervention services were reported. Multiple risk behaviours of vulnerable populations and lack of access to HIV prevention services could accelerate the diffusion of HIV. Targeted interventions could play an important role in limiting the spread of HIV in and through these under-reached and vulnerable populations.

          Translated abstract

          Cette étude exploratoire aborde les liens entre la consommation de drogues et les habitudes sexuelles à haut risque et le VIH parmi des populations vulnérables de consommateurs en Afrique du Sud. Ajouté à ceci sont des travailleurs du sexe (CSW), les hommes qui ont des rapports sexuels avec d'autres hommes (HSH), les consommateurs de drogues injectables (CDI) et les consommateurs de drogues non-injectables qui ne sont ni CSW ni HSH (CDNI). Une étude d'évaluation ethnographique rapide a été faite au Cap, à Durban et à Pretoria sur la consommation de drogues et le risque sexuel, à travers l'observation, la cartographie, les entretiens avec les informateurs principaux et des groupes de foyer des ‘quartiers chauds’. Les entretiens avec les informateurs principaux et de groupes de foyer visaient les consommateurs de drogues et des prestataires de services. L'échantillonnage boule de neige et interception des gens dans la rue ont été utilisés pour recruter les consommateurs de drogues. La mesure de résultats avait, entre autres, le comportement sexuel à risque de VIH lié à la consommation de drogues injectables, ainsi que les questions liées à l'utilisation des services. Le dépistage de VIH auprès des informateurs principaux qui étaient eux-mêmes consommateurs de drogues à été fait par le biais du SmartCheck Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Test. La consommation de drogues non-injectables (notamment le cannabis, le méthaqualone, la coca?ne et le méthamphétamine en cristaux et les drogues injectables (soit l'héro?ne) a lieu dans ces villes. Les consommateurs de drogues signalent qu'ils vendent le sexe pour obtenir l'argent pour acheter de la drogue. Les travailleurs du sexe prennent le drogue avant, durant et après les rapports sexuels. La plupart (70%) des informateurs prenant la drogue ont accepté le dépistage offert. Il se trouve que 28% d'entre eux sont séropositifs. Le taux le plus élevé est chez les travailleurs du sexe et les HSH. Les CDI ont avoué se partager les aiguilles et aux habitudes de jeter ces aiguilles qui mettent les usagers et les autres personnes à risque d'infection par le VIH. Il y a un manque étendu de prise de conscience des lieux où l'on peut avoir accès au traitement du VIH et aux services de prévention. On a signalé plusieurs obstacles à l'accès adéquat aux services d'intervention de VIH et de la drogue. Les comportements à risques multiples de populations vulnérables et le manque d'accès aux services de prévention au VIH pourraient accélérer la propagation du VIH. Les interventions ciblées pourraient jouer un rôle important à restreindre la propagation du VIH dans et à travers ces populations vulnérables et moins atteintes.

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          Barriers to accessing drug treatment in Russia: a qualitative study among injecting drug users in two cities.

          To assess factors influencing access to drug treatment among injecting drug users (IDUs) in two Russian cities. Eighty-six qualitative interviews were conducted with IDUs in Volgograd and Barnaul in 2003. IDUs were recruited through local drug treatment services, needle exchanges, and drug user networks. Three main barriers to treatment assess were identified: financial constraints, fear to registration as a drug user, and perceived low efficacy of available treatment services. Registration of drug users was associated with loss of employment, breaches in confidentiality. and stigma. Some participants did not think that drug treatment services could respond appropriately and effectively to their treatment needs. These findings highlight the importance of environmental factors in mediating IDUs access to drug treatment, which might suggest the need for social and structural interventions. Access to drug treatment services should be enhanced by reducing the financial burdens of drug treatment and minimizing the stigma associated with drug user registration. Russia should shift from a highly medicalised model of treatment toward a more holistic approach that recognises the diversity of treatment needs among IDUs. These priorities are especially timely given the urgent need to integrate drug treatment as part of wider HIV prevention responses in Russia.
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            The context of sexual risk behavior among heterosexual methamphetamine users.

            Relatively little is known about the relationship between methamphetamine (meth) use and sexual risk behavior among heterosexual adults. This descriptive study explores the context of sexual risk behavior among HIV-negative, heterosexual meth-using men and women. Drug use history, motivations for meth use, relationship types, and the social-sexual context of meth use were examined as factors that relate to sexual risk behavior and meth use. The majority of participants were white males with an average age of 38.6 years. Primary motivations for current meth use were to get high, to get more energy, and to party. Participants used meth an average of 14 days per month and consumed an average of 7.9 g during this period. The average number of unprotected vaginal, anal, and oral sex acts over a 2-month period were 21.5, 6.3, and 41.7, respectively. Participants reported an average of 9.4 sex partners over 2 months. The findings are discussed in relation to HIV prevention messages and the development of sexual risk reduction interventions for HIV-negative, heterosexual meth users.
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              Rapid assessment of the HIV/AIDS crisis in racial and ethnic minority communities: an approach for timely community interventions.

              The US Department of Health and Human Services, in collaboration with the Congressional Black Caucus, created a new initiative to address the disproportionate ongoing HIV/AIDS crisis in racial/ethnic minority populations. This initiative included deploying technical assistance teams through the Office of HIV/AIDS Policy. The teams introduced rapid assessment and response methodologies and trained minority communities in their use. The first 3 eligible cities (Detroit, Miami, and Philadelphia) focused assessments in small geographic areas, using multiple methodologies to obtain data. Data from the first 3 eligible cities provided critical information about changing the dynamics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic at the local level, including program and policy changes and infrastructure redeployment targeted at the most serious social and environmental conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                SAHARA J
                SAHARA J
                SAHARA J : Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance
                Taylor & Francis
                1729-0376
                1813-4424
                28 February 2012
                2008
                28 February 2012
                : 5
                : 3
                : 113-119
                Affiliations
                Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit (ADARU), South African Medical Research Council (MRC)
                ADARU/MRC
                Vulnerable Populations Project of the Global AIDS Program (GAP), Centers of Disease Control , Atlanta
                Author notes
                Email: cparry@mrc.ac.za
                Article
                9724909
                10.1080/17290376.2008.9724909
                11132859
                18979044
                22b31299-29c9-4962-940f-69c638093dfd
                Copyright Taylor & Francis

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                Research Article
                Original Articles

                drug use,sexual risk behaviour,hiv/aids,south africa,consommation de drogues,comportement sexuel à risque,vih/sida,afrique du sud

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