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      Factors influencing the course of post-COVID-19-related symptoms: A bidirectional cohort study among employees in health and welfare services in Germany Translated title: Einflussfaktoren auf den Verlauf von Symptomen im Rahmen von Post-COVID-19: Eine Follow-up Studie unter Beschäftigten im Gesundheitsdienst und in der Wohlfahrtspflege

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and trajectory of persistent symptoms following COVID-19 and to investigate factors influencing these among employees in the health and welfare services in Germany.

          Methods:

          This exploratory, mixed retro- and prospective cohort study using paper-and-pencil questionnaires was conducted among insured persons of the German Social Accident Insurance Institution for the health and welfare services with a SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020. The baseline survey in February 2021 was succeeded by two follow-up surveys after 8 and 13 months. Demographic data, information on the acute illness and persistent symptoms were collected. Kaplan-Meier curves were created to visualize the course of recovery. Factors influencing the time to recovery were analyzed using multivariate Cox regressions.

          Results:

          Of the 4,325 people contacted, 2,053 took part in the survey (response rate: 47%). 1,810 people were included in the analysis. The most common persistent symptoms at all three survey time points were fatigue, concentration and memory problems, and dyspnea. After three months, 76.2% (95% CI: 74.2–78.2%) of participants still reported symptoms, after 18 months this dropped to 67.2% (95% CI: 65.0–69.4%). Significant risk factors for persistent symptoms were female sex (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58–0.88), age over 50 years (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.50–0.78), a higher number of pre-existing illnesses and a higher number of severe acute symptoms. Respiratory and hormone-metabolic pre-existing conditions as well as severe dyspnea, smell or taste disorders, fatigue and memory or concentration problems during the acute COVID-19 illness also reduced the probability of complete recovery. Compared to other professions, working as a doctor had a protective effect (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.11–1.80).

          Conclusion:

          More than a year after a COVID-19 illness, two-thirds of the healthcare staff surveyed reported persistent symptoms. This high number emphasizes the importance of long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for public health and the need for suitable therapy and rehabilitation concepts, especially for healthcare staff with post-COVID syndrome.

          Zusammenfassung

          Zielsetzung:

          Ziel der Arbeit war die Ermittlung der Prävalenz und Verläufe von anhaltenden Symptomen nach einer COVID-19-Erkrankung sowie die Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren auf diese unter Beschäftigten im Gesundheitsdienst und der Wohlfahrtspflege in Deutschland.

          Methode:

          Die explorative, gemischt retro- und prospektive Kohortenstudie mittels Paper-Pencil-Befragung erfolgte unter Versicherten der Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege (BGW) mit einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion im Jahr 2020. Auf die Befragung im Februar 2021 folgten zwei Follow-up-Befragungen nach acht bzw. 13 Monaten. Erfragt wurden demographische Daten, Informationen zur Akuterkrankung sowie zu anhaltenden Symptomen. Zur Darstellung des Genesungsverlaufs wurden Kaplan-Meier-Kurven erstellt. Einflussfaktoren auf das Persistieren von Symptomen wurden mit multivariaten Cox-Regressionen geprüft.

          Ergebnisse:

          Von 4.325 angeschriebenen Personen nahmen 2.053 an der Befragung teil (Response-Rate: 47%). 1.810 Personen wurden in die Analysen eingeschlossen. Die häufigsten persistierenden Symptome zu allen drei Befragungszeitpunkten waren Müdigkeit und Erschöpfung, Konzentrations- und Gedächtnisprobleme sowie Kurzatmigkeit. Nach zwölf Wochen berichteten noch 76% (95% Konfidenzintervall (95% CI): 74–78%) von Symptomen, nach 18 Monaten 67% (95% CI: 65–69%). Signifikante Risikofaktoren für persistierende Symptome waren weibliches Geschlecht (Hazard Ratio (HR): 0,72; 95% CI: 0,58–0,88), Alter über 50 Jahre (HR: 0,63; 95% CI: 0,50–0,78), höhere Anzahl an Vorerkrankungen und schweren Akutsymptomen. Auch respiratorische und hormon-metabolische Vorerkrankungen sowie schwere Kurzatmigkeit, Geruchs- oder Geschmacksstörungen, Fatigue und Gedächtnis- oder Konzentrationsprobleme während der akuten COVID-19-Erkrankung reduzierten die Genesungswahrscheinlichkeit. Im Vergleich zu anderen Berufen hatte ärztliche Tätigkeit einen protektiven Effekt (HR: 1,4; 95% CI: 1,11–1,80).

          Fazit:

          Über ein Jahr nach einer COVID-19-Erkrankung berichtete der Großteil des befragten Gesundheitspersonals von anhaltenden Symptomen. Dieser hohe Anteil unterstreicht die Bedeutung der Langzeitfolgen der COVID-Pandemie für die öffentliche Gesundheit sowie die Notwendigkeit geeigneter Therapie- und Rehabilitationskonzepte, insbesondere für betroffenes Gesundheitspersonal.

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          Most cited references48

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          Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations

          Long COVID is an often debilitating illness that occurs in at least 10% of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. More than 200 symptoms have been identified with impacts on multiple organ systems. At least 65 million individuals worldwide are estimated to have long COVID, with cases increasing daily. Biomedical research has made substantial progress in identifying various pathophysiological changes and risk factors and in characterizing the illness; further, similarities with other viral-onset illnesses such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome have laid the groundwork for research in the field. In this Review, we explore the current literature and highlight key findings, the overlap with other conditions, the variable onset of symptoms, long COVID in children and the impact of vaccinations. Although these key findings are critical to understanding long COVID, current diagnostic and treatment options are insufficient, and clinical trials must be prioritized that address leading hypotheses. Additionally, to strengthen long COVID research, future studies must account for biases and SARS-CoV-2 testing issues, build on viral-onset research, be inclusive of marginalized populations and meaningfully engage patients throughout the research process. Long COVID is an often debilitating illness of severe symptoms that can develop during or following COVID-19. In this Review, Davis, McCorkell, Vogel and Topol explore our knowledge of long COVID and highlight key findings, including potential mechanisms, the overlap with other conditions and potential treatments. They also discuss challenges and recommendations for long COVID research and care.
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            Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact

            Background A significant number of patients with COVID-19 experience prolonged symptoms, known as Long COVID. Few systematic studies have investigated this population, particularly in outpatient settings. Hence, relatively little is known about symptom makeup and severity, expected clinical course, impact on daily functioning, and return to baseline health. Methods We conducted an online survey of people with suspected and confirmed COVID-19, distributed via COVID-19 support groups (e.g. Body Politic, Long COVID Support Group, Long Haul COVID Fighters) and social media (e.g. Twitter, Facebook). Data were collected from September 6, 2020 to November 25, 2020. We analyzed responses from 3762 participants with confirmed (diagnostic/antibody positive; 1020) or suspected (diagnostic/antibody negative or untested; 2742) COVID-19, from 56 countries, with illness lasting over 28 days and onset prior to June 2020. We estimated the prevalence of 203 symptoms in 10 organ systems and traced 66 symptoms over seven months. We measured the impact on life, work, and return to baseline health. Findings For the majority of respondents (>91%), the time to recovery exceeded 35 weeks. During their illness, participants experienced an average of 55.9+/- 25.5 (mean+/-STD) symptoms, across an average of 9.1 organ systems. The most frequent symptoms after month 6 were fatigue, post-exertional malaise, and cognitive dysfunction. Symptoms varied in their prevalence over time, and we identified three symptom clusters, each with a characteristic temporal profile. 85.9% of participants (95% CI, 84.8% to 87.0%) experienced relapses, primarily triggered by exercise, physical or mental activity, and stress. 86.7% (85.6% to 92.5%) of unrecovered respondents were experiencing fatigue at the time of survey, compared to 44.7% (38.5% to 50.5%) of recovered respondents. 1700 respondents (45.2%) required a reduced work schedule compared to pre-illness, and an additional 839 (22.3%) were not working at the time of survey due to illness. Cognitive dysfunction or memory issues were common across all age groups (~88%). Except for loss of smell and taste, the prevalence and trajectory of all symptoms were similar between groups with confirmed and suspected COVID-19. Interpretation Patients with Long COVID report prolonged, multisystem involvement and significant disability. By seven months, many patients have not yet recovered (mainly from systemic and neurological/cognitive symptoms), have not returned to previous levels of work, and continue to experience significant symptom burden. Funding All authors contributed to this work in a voluntary capacity. The cost of survey hosting (on Qualtrics) and publication fee was covered by AA's research grant (Wellcome Trust/Gatsby Charity via Sainsbury Wellcome center, UCL).
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              A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus

              People with COVID-19 might have sustained postinfection sequelae. Known by a variety of names, including long COVID or long-haul COVID, and listed in the ICD-10 classification as post-COVID-19 condition since September, 2020, this occurrence is variable in its expression and its impact. The absence of a globally standardised and agreed-upon definition hampers progress in characterisation of its epidemiology and the development of candidate treatments. In a WHO-led Delphi process, we engaged with an international panel of 265 patients, clinicians, researchers, and WHO staff to develop a consensus definition for this condition. 14 domains and 45 items were evaluated in two rounds of the Delphi process to create a final consensus definition for adults: post-COVID-19 condition occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, usually 3 months from the onset, with symptoms that last for at least 2 months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. Common symptoms include, but are not limited to, fatigue, shortness of breath, and cognitive dysfunction, and generally have an impact on everyday functioning. Symptoms might be new onset following initial recovery from an acute COVID-19 episode or persist from the initial illness. Symptoms might also fluctuate or relapse over time. A separate definition might be applicable for children. Although the consensus definition is likely to change as knowledge increases, this common framework provides a foundation for ongoing and future studies of epidemiology, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hygiene and Infection Control
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2196-5226
                05 November 2024
                2024
                : 19
                : Doc61
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
                [2 ]Competence Center for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
                [3 ]Department for Occupational Medicine, Hazardous Substances and Health Sciences (AGG), Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance in the Health and Welfare Services (BGW), Hamburg, Germany
                [4 ]Institute for Social Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Peter Koch, Competence Center for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, Phone: +49 40 7410–59703, E-mail: p.koch@ 123456uke.de
                Article
                dgkh000516 Doc61 urn:nbn:de:0183-dgkh0005161
                10.3205/dgkh000516
                11638722
                39677013
                4440e46e-bc4f-4e56-b554-8e0a2e655abc
                Copyright © 2024 Steinke et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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                Article

                covid-19,post-acute covid-19 syndrome,post-covid-19 syndrome,health personnel,social workers,persistent symptoms,follow-up,time to symptom-free,risk factors

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