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      Aktualität der grundlegenden und determinierenden Bedeutung der chronisch-kritischen Extremitätenischämie sowie ihrer sich reetablierenden Behandlung mittels kruraler/pedaler Bypässe in Deutschland und in Sachsen-Anhalt Translated title: Topicality of the fundamental and determining importance of chronic critical ischemia of the extremities and its restorative treatment using crural/pedal bypasses in Germany and in Saxony-Anhalt

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          Abstract

          Hintergrund

          Aktuell ist eine Zunahme der schweren Stadien der peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit (pAVK) mit kritischer Ischämie zu verzeichnen. Dies scheint sowohl dem allgemeinen demographischen Wandel zu entsprechen als auch eine Folge der SARS-CoV-2(„severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2“)-Pandemie der letzten 3 Jahre zu sein. Das mittlerweile etablierte und akzeptierte interventionelle/endovaskuläre Vorgehen bei einer schweren Unterschenkel-pAVK in erfahrener Hand gilt nach wie vor als „First-line“-Therapie, jedoch erlebt aus eigener Sicht der krurale/pedale Venenbypass eine Renaissance.

          Material und Methoden

          Kompakte narrative Übersicht über den aktuellen Stand der kruralen/pedalen Bypasschirurgie in Deutschland und Sachsen-Anhalt (SA), kombiniert mit selektiven Referenzen der aktuellen wissenschaftlich-medizinischen Literatur und eigenen klinischen Erfahrungen.

          Ergebnisse

          Eine aktuelle Statistik der fallbezogenen DRG(„diagnosis related groups“)-Daten zeigt, dass insbesondere mit Auftreten der Corona-Pandemie ein Rückgang der stationären Fallzahlen von Patienten mit einem pAVK-Stadium IIB bundesweit und ebenfalls im Bundesland SA zu verzeichnen ist. Die schweren pAVK-Stadien blieben in den Fallzahlen annähernd gleich, in SA jedoch zunehmend. Die WIFI-Klassifikation bietet die Möglichkeit, über ein Punktesystem Aussagen über das Amputationsrisiko, Nutzen und Art der Revaskularisationsmaßnahme erstellen zu können. Verschlusslänge, Verschlusslokalisation der betroffenen Gefäße und Verkalkungsgrad finden Berücksichtigung im Global-Limb-Anatomic-Staging-System (GLASS) zur Beurteilung der Prognose. Die Auswertung der Fallpauschalenbezogenen Krankenhausstatistik von 2015 bis 2020 ergab eine konstante Anwendung der femorokruralen/-pedalen Bypasschirurgie in Deutschland sowie eine leichte Zunahme der Rekonstruktion mittels femorokruraler Bypässe in SA, die mit dem tendenziellen Fallzahlenanstieg der schweren pAVK zu korrelieren scheint.

          Schlussfolgerung

          Zur Indikationsstellung für die Anlage eines kruralen/pedalen Bypasses sollte die parameterbasierte Objektivierung des Schweregrades der kritischen Extremitätenischämie mit einbezogen werden. Dafür eignen sich die WIFI-Klassifikation und GLASS, da hier auch eine relative Erfolgsprognose möglich ist. Die Behandlung der kritischen Extremitätenischämie mittels kruraler/pedaler Bypasschirurgie findet in Deutschland und SA nach wie vor eine konstante Anwendung.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction

          Currently, there is an increase in severe stages of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) with critical ischemia. This seems to correspond to the general demographic change as well as a consequence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic of the last 3 years. The now established and accepted interventional/endovascular approach for severe lower leg PAOD in experienced hands is still considered the first-line treatment but from the authorsʼ perspective crural/pedal venous bypass is experiencing a renaissance.

          Material and methods

          Compact narrative review of the current state of crural/pedal bypass surgery in Germany and Saxony-Anhalt (SA) combined with selective references from the current scientific medical literature and own clinical experiences.

          Results

          The current statistics of case-related diagnosis-related groups (DRG) data show that, especially with the occurrence of the corona pandemic, a decrease in inpatient case numbers of patients with PAOD stage IIB can be observed nationwide and also in SA. The severe PAOD stages have remained approximately the same in case numbers but increased in SA. The risk stratification based on the wound, ischemia and foot infection (WIFI) classification offers the possibility to be able to make statements about the risk of amputation, benefits and type of revascularization measures. The length of the occlusion, occlusion site of the affected vessels and degree of calcification are taken into account in the global limb anatomic staging system (GLASS) to assess the prognosis. The evaluation of the case-based hospital statistics from 2015 to 2020 showed a constant use of femorocrural/femoropedal bypass surgery in Germany as well as a slight increase in reconstruction using femorocrural bypasses in SA, which seems to correlate with the tendency for an increase in the number of cases of severe PAOD.

          Summary

          Parameter-based objectification of the severity of critical limb ischemia should be included in the indications for placement of a crural/pedal bypass. The WIFI classification and GLASS are suitable for this purpose as a relative prognosis of success is also possible. The treatment of critical limb ischemia by crural/pedal bypass surgery continues to find a constant application in Germany and SA.

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          Most cited references17

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          Global Vascular Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia

          Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is associated with mortality, amputation, and impaired quality of life. These Global Vascular Guidelines (GVG) are focused on definition, evaluation, and management of CLTI with the goals of improving evidence-based care and highlighting critical research needs. The term CLTI is preferred over critical limb ischemia, as the latter implies threshold values of impaired perfusion rather than a continuum. CLTI is a clinical syndrome defined by the presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in combination with rest pain, gangrene, or a lower limb ulceration >2 weeks duration. Venous, traumatic, embolic, and nonatherosclerotic etiologies are excluded. All patients with suspected CLTI should be referred urgently to a vascular specialist. Accurately staging the severity of limb threat is fundamental, and the Society for Vascular Surgery Threatened Limb Classification system, based on grading of Wounds, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) is endorsed. Objective hemodynamic testing, including toe pressures as the preferred measure, is required to assess CLTI. Evidence-based revascularization (EBR) hinges on three independent axes: Patient risk, Limb severity, and ANatomic complexity (PLAN). Average-risk and high-risk patients are defined by estimated procedural and 2-year all-cause mortality. The GVG proposes a new Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS), which involves defining a preferred target artery path (TAP) and then estimating limb-based patency (LBP), resulting in three stages of complexity for intervention. The optimal revascularization strategy is also influenced by the availability of autogenous vein for open bypass surgery. Recommendations for EBR are based on best available data, pending level 1 evidence from ongoing trials. Vein bypass may be preferred for average-risk patients with advanced limb threat and high complexity disease, while those with less complex anatomy, intermediate severity limb threat, or high patient risk may be favored for endovascular intervention. All patients with CLTI should be afforded best medical therapy including the use of antithrombotic, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and glycemic control agents, as well as counseling on smoking cessation, diet, exercise, and preventive foot care. Following EBR, long-term limb surveillance is advised. The effectiveness of nonrevascularization therapies (eg, spinal stimulation, pneumatic compression, prostanoids, and hyperbaric oxygen) has not been established. Regenerative medicine approaches (eg, cell, gene therapies) for CLTI should be restricted to rigorously conducted randomizsed clinical trials. The GVG promotes standardization of study designs and end points for clinical trials in CLTI. The importance of multidisciplinary teams and centers of excellence for amputation prevention is stressed as a key health system initiative.
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            Peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischaemia: still poor outcomes and lack of guideline adherence.

            Only few and historic studies reported a bad prognosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and critical limb ischaemia (CLI). The contemporary state of treatment and outcomes should be assessed.
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              Peripheral artery disease in Germany (2009–2018): Prevalence, frequency of specialized ambulatory care and use of guideline-recommended therapy – A population-based study

              Background Peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients have high morbidity and mortality rates, demonstrating a need for improved treatment strategies. While underuse and undertreatment have been reported, there is no clear picture of patterns in population-level disease prevalence, prescription of guideline-recommended pharmacotherapy, or frequency of contact with dedicated specialists. We present population-level data on changes in prevalence, care and treatment of PAD from 2009 to 2018 in Germany. Methods We analyzed the ambulatory claims data for all statutorily insured patients comprising 70.1 million patients each year and 87% of the German population. Prevalence was assessed by documentation of PAD and stratified by age and sex within the 10-year study timeframe. In addition, current ambulatory care, stratified by vascular specialists (vascular surgeons or angiologists), internists, cardiologists and primary care physicians, were examined. Findings Prevalence increased from 1·85% in 2009 to 3·14% in 2018, affecting 2·3 million patients in 2018 and more males (55%) than females (45%). A low level of visits to vascular specialists, with 11·1% receiving care from vascular surgeons and 8·1% from angiologists, was shown. Moreover, analysis of guideline-recommended prescriptions revealed increasing, but still insufficient, prescription frequencies among PAD patients between 2009 and 2016, from 42·6% to 56% for statins and from 40·2% to 48·0% for antiplatelets. Interpretation Our results show that the prevalence of PAD in Germany, as assessed by outpatient PAD documentation, is increasing and PAD patients are underutilizing specialized vascular care; moreover, the prescription frequency of guideline-recommended therapies remains low. There is a clear need to improve the referral and treatment algorithms in the high-risk PAD population. Funding None.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                udo.barth@med.ovgu.de
                Journal
                Chirurgie (Heidelb)
                Chirurgie (Heidelb)
                Chirurgie (Heidelberg, Germany)
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                2731-6971
                2731-698X
                23 August 2023
                23 August 2023
                2023
                : 94
                : 10
                : 861-869
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Arbeitsbereich Gefäßchirurgie, Klinik für Allgemein‑, Gefäß- und Viszeralchirurgie, Helios Klinik Jerichower Land, ( https://ror.org/05yj9kv10) August-Bebel-Straße 55a, 39288 Burg, Deutschland
                [2 ]GRID grid.411559.d, ISNI 0000 0000 9592 4695, Arbeitsbereich Gefäßchirurgie, Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral‑, Gefäß- und Transplantationschirurgie, , Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg A. ö. R., ; Magdeburg, Deutschland Leipziger Str. 44, 39120
                Article
                1933
                10.1007/s00104-023-01933-7
                10522525
                37610660
                68360612-53d6-42dc-af8e-0b6b73a39446
                © The Author(s) 2023

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                History
                : 11 June 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg (3121)
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                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2023

                periphere arterielle verschlusskrankheit,revaskularisationsmaßnahmen,majoramputationsrate,risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection,global-limb-anatomic-staging-system,peripheral arterial occlusive disease,revascularization measures,major amputation rate,global limb anatomic staging system

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